12 2 13 Final Review Questions What is feudalism What is manorialism o A lord vassal system of military and political arrangements o mainly a political system o Arises in situations of political decentralization and local warfare though this system is unusual o participants are vassals o protection from greater lords to their vassals o in return vassals were required to participate in military service obligated to pass their greater lords some goods including agriculture products and payments required to provide advice to greater lords o participants are landlords and peasants o knights grant land to villeins o villeins provide food and services o economic system o the majority of people lived in self sufficient agrarian estates called manors o they received some protection from landlords o in return they were obligated to turn over part of the goods they produced and to remain on the land o many countries developed a special law which forbid peasants to move away so they became like slaves serfs Compare Japanese and Western feudalism o Japan emphasis on group and personal loyalty idea of contracts o after 1185 Japanese feudalism built a strong government structure Minomoto a single aristocratic family gained military dominance all over Japan o established central office called Shogunate o faithful generals were awarded with estates o the second Shogunate Kamakura Shogunate o collective rule became very very important Renaissance reformation o Literary and artistic movement o started in Florence Italy o Medici family controlled Florence very rich had money to patronize the arts o why Italy Italy was free from medieval political forms which continued to influence much of the rest of Europe city life was well established in Italy Italy developed extensive trading ties with other cultural centers Italian intellectuals had the greatest sense of contact with ancient Rome and intellectuals of other countries o Dante Petrarch Boccaccio dealt mainly with secular subjects o moved from Italy to the North England o touched many humanities subjects o Names Leonardo da Vinci William Shakespeare Francois Rabelais Miguel de Cervantes Desiderius Erasmus Catholic reformation o Martin Luther German monk o wrote 95 Theses and nailed it to the Church of Wittenberg o protest against church s sale of indulgences o Luther burned Papal Bull o Diet of Worms meeting of highest priests Luther refused to recant his criticism he was exiled from empire excommunicated started Lutheranism o gave people religious inspiration to speak out against poverty and landlords o Henry the 8th king of England founded the Anglican Church Church of England o led by Ignatius of Loyola a Spanish knight who was extremely devoted to the o Calvinism Counter Reformation Catholic Church o response of Catholic Church to Reformation o established Jesuit society The scientific revolution o consisted of new knowledge about physics astronomy biology chemistry o provided new instruments to measure the heavens and to examine microscopically the creatures of the earth microscopes telescopes o Copernicus Descartes Newton Russia s fast expansion after 1480 why o defeat of mongols o growth of political strength in russia united around Moscow o increased internal colonization o the use of new military technology the peasant issue in Russian history why was it so important o the size of the peasantry o problems of growing tensions around serfdom o dissatisfied peasants the end of serfdom in Russia o Alexander the second freed serfs in 1861 o was punished because not everyone would accept the reform o so late because tsars power relied on the balance of power with the aristocracy and the aristocracy did not want to abolish serfdom because they relied on serfdom o russia was politically and economically dependent on manorialism modernization of Russia during the time of Peter the Great o art science the use of French as the court language and Western style dress o aspects of state absolutism started to build palaces o bureaucratic training was copied from the West o Peter the Great focused mainly on military and related heavy industry o increased the strength of state o forced people to cut their beards and wear western costumes o Peter s Russia avoided full economic imitation of Europe resisted changes in serfdom and popular culture the emergence of nationalism o a new belief system in the modern world o born in 18th century o spread in 20th century to Africa and Asia industrialization o causes of industrialization new needs introduced by population growth involvement in world market rise of consumerism pressure from the growth of flexible labor force new cultural content the enlightenment o changes o new agricultural methods late 1700s peasants in many parts of Europe including England France began to grow new crops potatoes food production expanded which contributed to population growth people could afford to have more children with more food o great progress in European science new technologies in manufacturing fields first steam engine in Holland Thomas Newcomen improved steam engine steam rack invented in France James Watt perfected engine o more and more businesses began to expand their operation by hiring waged workers britain becomes workshop of the world started in cotton industry cotton was produced in india and delivered to england james hargreaves invented spinning jenny device arkwright develops first spining machine bleaching and dyeing procedures weaving began to use machine o advantages of industrial revolution as a result of the revolution europeans developed new guns light archery stream ships helped to relocate a large number or troops or to discover new lands and new kinds of medicine which helped people survive in tropical conditions o key patterns of industrialization a factory system improvement in banking system new marketing development of large firms new economic organization concentration bureaucratic management impersonality in directing of labor force women and change in family life during industrialization o people had new experiences such as working indoors industrial noise working among strangers working outside the home very high speed of work long working hours use of children and women labor force increase in leisure time late comers in industrialization Japan and Russia o industrialization in japan and russia was enabled by relatively strong governments still undefined roles in the world economy history of