Lecture 1 Chapter 1 microbiology class definition the study of microorganisms excluding multicellular organisms such as parasites viruses membrane selective barrier that allows for the passage of only certain particles cell a compartment enclosed by a membrane that maintains homeostasis metabolism growth and reproduction homeostasis allows cells to regulate internal environment maintain a constant state metabolism transforms energy to build new compartments anabolism and decompose old compartments catabolism uses ATP growth maintains higher rate of anabolism than catabolism during some point of existence reproduction ability to replicate on its own organism a collection of one or more cells where the primary purpose of each cell is survival reproduction of the group of cells microscopic can not be seen with the human eye microorganism single celled microscopic organism virus small infectious agent that replicates only inside cells of other organisms NOT a microorganism the scientific method used every day to test new theories set of propositions concepts that provide reliable systematic rigorous account of an aspect of the universe makes testable predictions and can be verified Major people impacts Zacharias Janssen invented 1st compound microscope Robert Hooke 1st to describe microbes drew fruiting structure of molds Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1st to describe bacteria Louis Pasteur disproved SPONTANEOUS GENERATION that microorganisms arise spontaneously from non living matter led to development of methods for controlling growth of microorgs pasteurization Robert Koch formulated postulated for linking specific microorg to specific disease Koch s postulates set of criteria for proving that a given microorganism causes a given disease microbe must be present in all cases of disease absent from healthy organism must be isolated in pure culture must cause same disease in healthy host Alexander Fleming worked with plates of bacterium S aureus noticed that when a contaminant mold was on the plates the mold excreted a substance killing the bacteria around it grew pure culture of the mold discovered Penicillin Ferdinand Cohn heat resistance in bacteria discovered that some bacteria form endospores Other terms chemolithotrophy form of metabolism in which energy is generated from inorganic compounds differentiation modification of cellular components to form a new structure such as a spore enzyme a protein catalyst that functions to speed up chemical reactions evolution descent with modification leading to new forms species genome organism s full complement of genes genomics the identification and analysis of genomes microbial community 2 or more populations of cells that coexist interact microbial ecology study of microorganisms in their natural environments pathogen disease causing microorganism sterile free of all living organisms viruses Chapter 1 Review Questions 1 6 properties associated w the living state metabolism reproduction differentiation communication motility and evolution all metabolism communication evolution some differentiation motility reproduction 2 Cells are both catalysts and genetic entities how do these differ catalytic carry out metabolic reactions specify what can occur genetic translation of genetic info specifies when it can occur 3 ecosystem the biotic factors living together with the abiotic factors nonliving of a habitat in the environment ORGANISMS NONLIVING ENVIRO ECOSYSTEM habitat the environment in which microbial population resides microorganisms effect the ecosystem by using nutrients from the environment and excreting waste products into the environment contribute to primary production decomposition nutrient cycling of an ecosystem 4 evolution of cyanobacteria OXYGENATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE before only anaerobic metabolisms after aerobic respiration evolution of eukaryotic cell multicellularity 5 microorganisms are more than just disease why maintaining human health fix nitrogen agriculture important in food beverage production 6 Hooke first to describe microorganisms Leeuwenhoek first to actually see bacteria in a microscope Cohn father of bacteriology first to identify Bacillus led to sterilization and aseptic techniques 7 Pasteur s flasks with swan necks eliminated ingredients essential for spontaneous generation microorganisms that contaminated them were carried via air 8 pure culture a culture containing a single kind of microorganism obtained by isolation of single colonies on solid media 9 Koch s postulates up there still use postulates as a guide for determining the causative agents of diseases developing successful treatments for prevention and cure of diseases 10 Beijerinck and Winogradsky developed the field of environmental microbiology design and implementation of the enrichment culture technique and isolation characterization of bacteria responsible for cycling nitrogen and sulfur enrichment culture technique a method for isolating specific microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions 11 basic pertain to the advancement of knowledge in the area of the fundamental processes of life ex biochemistry applied directly linked to important practical problems that affect human welfare ex medicine Inspiration Question panspermia theory theory that suggests that life on Earth did not originate from our planet but was transported from somewhere else in the Universe Lecture 2 Chapter 2 Notes Review Questions light microscope examine cells at low magnifications electron examine cells at high magnification resolution ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct and separate a function of the physical properties of light bright field slight differences in contrast that exist between them and surrounding medium cells difficult to see because they lack significant contrast w the medium compound bright field two lenses objective and ocular total magnification of compound microscope product limit of microscopes 2000X numerical aperture measure of light gathering ability higher magnification higher NA light microscopes distance between waves wavelength lambda can see as small as 200nm 0 2 micrometers refraction change in direction of a wave due to a change in velocity at the interface between two transmission media magnification is achieved by refraction diffraction various phenomenon that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle higher wavelength more diffraction resolution d and d 0 5 NA d minimum distance to be