GEOLOGY 200 SEPTEMBER 09 03 2013 Lecture 01A Largest Earthquakes 09 03 2013 Taiwan 1999 Earthquake Buildings falling down Famous earthquakes San Fran EQ 1906 About 16 earthqyakes 8 5 or larger since 1990 and do not happen everywhere only along the PACIFIC RING OF FIRE o Was the first eq where we understand what happened o 3000 people died mag 7 8 o damage is not the result of the eq but it is the result fo the fires after EQ caused fires o sometimes it is the indirect effects of the EQ that cause most o discovery of the San Andreas Fault Lawson report of 1908 and the fault moved during the damage EQ Led to elastic rebound theory Still guides most understanding of EQ today 1989 Loma Prieta EQ o 63 deaths smaller than 1906 EQ in CALI o not San Andreas Fault 1923 Kanto EQ Japan o 150 000 deaths o persuaded Japanese people to prepare for EQ always drills on the anniversary of the EQ 2011 Tohoku EQ o 4th largest and most expensive natural disaster o why was there an earthquake here People were only prepared for 8 0 but not a bigger one than that 2010 haiti EQ o 300 000 people died o shows how economical conditions are important 1975 Haicheng EQ China o this is the one earthquake in history that has been predicted N California Faults San fran Oakland highest risk is the Hayward fault All capable of producing an EQ S California Faults more at danger LA fault San Diego fault 4 famous earthquakes in Southern Cali o 1992 Landers o 1994 Northridge Katrina most expensive natural disaster in the US besides right under LA o 1999 Hector Mine o 1857 Fort Tejon largest eq in California if it happens again it happens right next to LA and will do a lot of damage and it will happen again Lecture 01B Important Volcanic Eruptions A lot of volcanic action in Iceland o Tectonic plates and mid ocean ridge on land Most volcanos are covered by ice caps but the volcanoes make a hole in them grimsvotn Edfell eruption 1973 o SW of Iceland o People were able to prevent lava flow from shutting down village Two types of eruptions manageable or destructive and cannot do anything about it Must prepare yourself and get out of the way Kilauea Hawaii 1983 present always active Mostly manageable Nevado Del Ruiz Columbia o 1985 erupted and destroyed the town No survivors o very deadly eruption Montange Pelee 1902 o No survivors o 2nd largest town on the island of Martinique Montserrat 1995 Mount Pinatubo 1991 o Global climatic consequences Cooled down temp of the earth by a couple years why would it cool it down and not heat it up o Volcanic island and has several volcanoes o 1993 kelderra erution entire island collapsed and was the o Evac happened right before o Ash clouds Krakatau 1883 Indonesia loudest noise ever recorded Tambora 1815 Mt St Helen o Largest recorded explosion o Mountain exploded and now have a crater o Importance told us a lot about what happens during volcanic eruptions Gary Rosenquest took pics of the eruption Helps us understand what triggers eruptions and relationship between tectonic and eruptions Laki Eruption Iceland o Manageable eruption o Importance magma was with a lot of gas and the gas caused many problems So not the eruption itself but the after effects Mt Vesuvius o Active o Ash covered many towns around it and people were preserved in the ash after many years o Plinian eruption a lot of ash making an umbrella like in Iceland First described here o Lecture 02A B 09 03 2013 Natural Disasters or Hazard Very distinct between each other but people will get them confused Natural hazards the threat of something something that COULD happen The threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on humans Does not have to HAVE happened to be o Ex Mt Vesuvius was a hazard that it could explode at the Natural disaster something that ACTUALLY happens Without humans there are only natural events The EFFECTS of something If there are not humans the disaster doesn t effect anyone Doesn t Catastrophe disaster that has devastating consequences for a lot a hazard time matter of people Hazard or Risk Hazards the THREAT of a natural event Risk the cost associated with the hazard o Human cost dead missing wounded o Short term economical direct devastation associated with disaster building and crop devastation o Long term cost loss of business dis laced people Both are BEFORE an event disaster Part of the prediction of what will be happening Vulnerability How will a certain place suffer from a particular event Links hazard with the risk Factors proximity of the source of hazard understanding of the situation are they going to be ready Good lines of communication Construction styles and building codes Cultural factors that influence public response to warnings Socio economical conditions influence each of these factors linking hazards with risks All influence vulnerability Hazard assessment when and where has this occurance happened before Are we okay for a second hazard Risk assessment location of buildings highways and other buildings that are subject to hazards o Ex fort tejoin did not have a big effect on humans bc there was not a big population there Kinds of predicitins Prediction statement of probability that an event will occur Forcasting long term probability that is not specific of the exact time that the event will occur Early warning statement that a high probability of a hazardous event will occur False warning warning that does not result in the event damage credibility of the source Several components of prediction o Long termpredicition earthquake country o Intermediate term earthquake forecast o Short term prediction EQ warning o Prediction of response get ready Human Factors that Influence Natural Disasters Characteristics of Nutral Disasters o Human fatilities mega killers are EQ AND HURRICANES Occur in densely populated belt through Asia along the Indian Number of fatalities is proportional to density of Ocean population o Economical losses Destruction and damage to structures loss of productivity and wages Increase in economic loss is a result of increase in human population and urbanization more people more disaster for humans Most expensive have occurred in us Europe and japan Are natural disasters more frequent May be an upward trend but really have a period of 15 years between 1985 2000 with a lot of events but is much quieter now More and more people affected by natural disasters since 2000 o More people reported being affected by natural disaster Since 1750