New Notes Anthro Locomotion is part of total ecological package Product of selection Ties to life history reproduction Why is locomotion important Humans omnivorous environmentally dependent come with constraints Primates have most variable locomotors repertoire of all mammals Diet forging energy costs Phenotypic plasticity Plants and animals can develop in a variety of ways to make them better suited to the environment Genotype vs phenotype Genotype genetic composition of individual Phenotype outward expression of interaction with environment Wolfs law change in mechanical environment change in structure Critical period time frame where phenotypes are most influenced Normal reaction typically looks Australopithecus Video the origins of us Our story began 6 million years ago with apes in Africa would have been same as our apes that are still here Thumb is out to the side to make it easier to climb modern humans lost that 6 7 million years ago one of the first apes to walk upright When we split off from apes and started developing human traits If standing upright causes us so many issues then why do we do it Dense forests in Africa became woodland with How our ancestors survived in the savannah Historical Archeology Period of time Post 1492 in the Americas Cultures with formal writing Method Uses lots of evidence from the different places Terms Relationships between people materials and space How are people and things organized and why Why is it different depending on time and place and who is present on that landscape Skeletal evidence of infectious disease Endemic never leaves a population just keeps killing and mutating Epidemic EX Bird flu doesn t kill that many people and then leaves society Diseases that come up due to agriculture Zoonotic diseases malaria anthrax Bacterial diseases typhus cholera Viral diseases smallpox mumps chicken pox Venereal disease syphilis Diet longevity and reproduction Calorie restriction associated with longer lifespan Reproduction associated with aging Raw food diets associated with lower fertility Reliance on high starch diets selects for increased amylase Enzyme that digests starch Agricultural revolution Societal consequences cities labor specialization complex political structure In foraging societies difficult to monopolize resources Shift in behavior Foraging societies generalized skills knowledge cooperation Agricultural revolution Health consequences Nutrition was worse Higher population density s makes it easier for disease to spread Eating a lot of grain not as much meat and vegetables High rates of cancer Adult and childhood mal nutrition Vitamin and mineral deficiencies Some individuals control large portions of resources Early agricultural societies show worse health More dental caries Bony lesions Teeth were doing great until we stated eating grains Malnutrition chronic disease Illness poor digestion malnutrition lower immune functions Phenotypic plasticity the range of variation in phenotype for any given genotype in response to environmental cues Variation in susceptibility to diabetes and obesity Diabetes and obesity are recent epidemics In past we were selected for loving foods with a lot of sugar and fat because it would increase likelihood of reproduction It is adaptive to store fat likely to face periods of food shortage Sexual selection men preferred women who could store fat deposits because a woman with more fat would be more likely to have a healthy baby More curvy women have been selected for When an individual has a level of body fat that leads to adverse effects on health Waist size for women 35 Waist size for men 40 Different populations store body fat differently Humans as supreme fat stores Humans have high metabolic requirements require a lot of energy Why are we supreme fat stores Large brains 20 of daily energy long day ranges walk miles to obtain high quality foods We are selected to love fatty sugary foods NOT FIBER Fat especially is important for human infants and women Infants around 70 of daily energy used on brain Women have about twice as much fat as males Need for fat human females human males chimp females and chimp males We are larger have larger brains need more fat and nutrients then other animals Population variation in obesity Factors Genetics Diet Environment levels of stress Physical activity levels BMI correlations Identical twins 74 Fraternal twins 32 Siblings 25 Parent 19 Adoptive 06 Spouses 12 Type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide Currently unclear which factors determine prevalence Possibilities genes diets physical activity combination of genes and diet Approximately 30 genes have been shown to be correlated with risk of type 2 diabetes Low socioeconomic status has more stress store more fat more susceptible to getting diabetes Europeans generally have a problem of not enough insulin secretion from pancreas In African Americans generally more insulin resistance problem Life history theory All organisms have the finite amounts of energy to spend on theses three investments Reproduction Growth Maintenance Can explain why some organisms are big and some small Why some organisms mature so early cats dogs and some so late monkeys humans Have few or many offspring Why do some organisms have short lives and some long Investments in growth will increase future reproductive success Growth of body includes muscles skeleton immune system and nervous system Growth of skills and knowledge learning Growth investments that will make an individual a more success and a more efficient reproductive adult Investments into maintenances will increase survival Immune function repairs damaged tissues block off harmful rays or toxins Reproduction increases number of genes passed on reproductive success Parenting Mating Offspring quality or quantity Growth future reproduction Maintenance future reproduction Reproduction current reproduction mating effort or parent effort offspring quality or quantity Maintenance increased lifespan by lowering size dependent mortality Optimal investment strategies Total energy in finite energy allocation decisions tradeoffs Depends on risk of dying the probability that you will have a future Why do some organisms invest more into growth and maintains Long juvenile period If learning helps you pass on your genes then yes you should invest time in learning if you have a long lifespan Key concepts They way energy is invested into growth reproduction and maintenance will determine