Nutrition: Chapter 1Nutrient Density - A measure of the nutrients provided by a food relative to its calorie contentEssential Nutrients - A nutrient that must be consumedCalories - Unit by which energy is measured (measured in Kilocalories)Fortified foods - the addition of essential nutrients to foods/foods, in which one or more essential nutrients have been addedDietary supplements - Provide nutrients but do not offer all the benefits of foodsPhytochemicals - Found in plant based foods/ responsible for giving colors and flavor to plants/ non-essential nutrient but can be beneficial for healthSix categories of nutrients - Vitamins, minerals, water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipidsMicronutrients - are needed in small amounts: vitamins and mineralsMacronutrients - are needed in large amounts: water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipidsThree functions of Nutrients - Provide energy, form structures, and regulationProvide Energy - Macronutrients are main sources of energy; used to maintain body functions, fuel physical work, and repair the body; micronutrients regulate bio-chemical reactions that released energy contained in macronutrientsForm Structures - water, fat, and protein comprise most body weight; with the exception of vitamins, all the classes of nutrients are involved in forming and maintaining the body's structureRegulation - Body temperature, blood pressure, hormones and cell communication, speed up reactionsMalnutrition - Energy or nutrient intake greater or less than optimal requirements/ it can cause negativeimmediate and long term effectsUnder nutrition - Too little of a nutrient or nutrients or calories; the more severe deficiency, the more dramatic symptomsOver nutrition - Too much of a nutrient or nutrients or calories/ overconsumption of dietary supplements, nutrients, caloriesNutritional Genomics - The study of interactions between genes and nutritionThree core principles of eating a healthy diet - Eat a variety of foods, balance your choices, and practice moderationScientific Method - Make an observation, propose a hypothesis, design & conduct experiment, develop theory based on the resultsEpidemiological Studies - Studies that explore the impact of nutrition and health among population groupsClinical Studies (intervention studies) - Observations& hypothesis that arise from epidemiological studiescan be tested using clinical trials; intervention component; include an experimental group and a control groupAnimal Studies - Can provide preliminary data that often lead to human subjects/ care must be taken when extrapolating animal results to humansBiochemistry or molecular biology - Laboratory-based techniques to study nutrients functions in the body/ biochemistry to study chemical reactions that provide certain nutrients/ molecular to study how nutrients regulate our genesValid experiments - Quantifiable data, appropriate experimental population, proper controls, results must be interpreted