Exam is Friday the 13 th from 3:00 to 5 :00 pm Good luck!Week 8/9: _Earth’s_Energy Balance Chapter 3 in textbook Understand which wavelengths of light Earth emits and which wavelengths the Sun emits -- Earth emits longwave radiation: Thermal infrared (Energy Outputs)-- Sun shortwave radiation: UV, Visible, and Near- infrared Emits (Energy Inputs)Know the difference between the scattering, reflection, and refraction of light -- Scattering: shorter wavelength light scattered by smaller particles, it describes the phenomenon of gas molecules redirecting radiation, changing the direction of the lights movement without altering the wavelengths. It represents 7% of earth’s reflectivity/albedo. (The shorter the wavelength, the greater the scattering; the longer the wavelength, the lesser the scattering) -- Refraction: A change in direction of isolation due to a change in itstransmission medium. The transition of insolation entering the atmosphere can change the insolation speed, which also shifts its direction, and causes the bending action of refraction. -- Reflection: A portion of arriving energy bounces directly back into space without being absorbed or performing any work. Albedo is the reflective quality, or intrinsic brightness of a surface.Be able to define the term “albedo” and know which surfaceshave higher/lower albedo values --Albedo: Earths reflectivity --(Earths average is 31%)-- Snow reflects 80-95%--Asphalt (black top) 5-10%sidenote:--Average Net Radiation is >0 at surface.--Net radiation: + SW incoming – SW out + LW in. – LW out(Insolation) (Albedo-reflected at surface) (Clouds,GHGs) (L.W. radiation emitted from surface)Understand the difference between the cloud greenhouse forcing and the cloud albedo forcing -- Cloud-greenhouse forcing: It is an increase in greenhouse warming caused by clouds. Longwave radiation from Earth is emitted, but cloud makes LW radiation come back to Earth mostly (heating earth)-- Cloud-Albedo forcing: refers to an increase in albedo caused by clouds. Shortwave radiation from sun, cloud reflects light back into atmosphere; little reaches the ground, “shortwave reflection”----Notes-Factors influencing temperature= latitude, altitude/elevation, cloud cover, land water heating differences-Cloud cover at night: as clouds increase, temperature increases/or remains moderate instead of steadily decreasing with no cloud cover-*Test question: The most extensive chain of barrier islands in the world is along the Atlantic and gulf coasts of N America. Be able to explain heat transfer via conduction, convection, and advection --Conduction: is the molecule-to-molecule transfer of heat energy as it diffuses through the substance. As molecules warm, their vibration increases, causing collisions that produce motion in neighboring molecules, thus transferring heat from warmer to cooler materials. --Convection: gases and liquids also transfer energy by movements ofconvection when physical mixing involves a strong vertical motion.--Advection: when horizontal motion dominates Understand the “greenhouse effect” and know which gasescause it -- Includes Carbon Dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, and CFCs.--Shortwave radiation (remember this is from sun)  NOT absorbed by GHG, only at surface, and then converted to Longwave radiation -some LW radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, and readmitted back to earth.--LW (emitted from earth) radiation is absorbed by GHG, in other words GHG absorbs thermal longwave radiation Know the difference between temperature and heat. Temperature is a measure of what? -- Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of individualmolecules in matter-- Heat: A form of energy that flows from one object to another as a result of temperature differences Be familiar with the factors that influence temperature -- Latitude -- Altitude/Elevation -- Cloud Cover -- Land-Water heating differences Midterm Week 11: Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations Chapter 4 in textbookKnow the difference between an easterly and westerly wind (from the east vs. from the west) --Westerlies= flows from west to east (Think of U.S.)--Easterlies= flows from east to west (Equatorial region)Know the four forces that influence horizontal winds -- Gravity (Gravity equally compresses the atmosphere worldwide, with the density decreasing as altitude increases)-- Pressure gradient force (Drives air from areas of higher barometric pressure (more dense) to areas of lower barometric pressure (less dense air) causing wind.-- Coriolis effect (a deflective force makes the wind that travels in a straight path appear to be deflected in rotation to the earths rotating surface)-- Friction (drags on the wind as it moves across surfaces; decreases with height about the surface)Know the difference between surface convergence and surface divergence (and which is associated with high vs. low pressure) -- High Pressure has surface divergence (going outward)-- Low pressure has surface convergence (going inward)-also related to hurricanes/stormsUnderstand the pressure gradient force -- From High to Low (Drives air from areas of higher barometric pressure (more dense) to areas of lower barometric pressure (less dense air) causing wind. Without a pressure gradient force, there would be no windBe familiar with the geostrophic wind – where it occurs, which forces are acting, etc. -- It is wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. -- Pressure gradient + coriolis forces (upper level winds)-- Earths rotation adds the Coriolis force and a “twist” to air movements. High and Low pressure areas develop rotary motion, and wind flowing between high and lows flows parallel to isobars. Understand the difference between surface winds and the geostrophic wind --Geostropic winds are upper level winds. They are the pressure gradient + Coriolis forces (upper level winds), while surface winds happenat the surfaceBe familiar with the general circulation of the atmosphere The circulation of wind in the atmosphere is driven by the rotation of the earth and the incoming energy from the sun. Wind circulates in each hemisphere in three distinct cells, which help transport energy and heat fromthe equator to the poles. The winds are driven by the energy from the sun at the surface as warm air rises and colder air