HISTE 112Tucker, Ann5:30-6:45 Gambrell HallCivil War- Modern TimesTheme: “What is history? What kind of nation will the US be?”CLASS NOTES 8/29:CIVIL WAR AND THE AMERICAN NATION-○ Why Civil War?○ Republicanism○ Sectional Differences○ NationalismNations-○ sense of belonging○ protection○ authority (leaders, law enforcement)○ loyalty○ community, birthright○ humans innately social○ need for organization*Civil war started as a “conflict of nations”cause: Federal vs. State’s rights. North/Industrial vs. South/slavery. <allmen were created equal><pursuit of happiness><Sectional Nationalism>South- “redheaded stepchild”■ Myth of “cavalier descent”: whereas Southerners descended from(excluding slaves) English Cavaliers, the North descended fromPuritans, whose ancestors had been beaten in battle by those of theEnglish Cavaliers. Tried to use as an excuse.■ State-leaned viewNorth- superiority complex■ better morals■ literature■ better gov’t (stat thinking they don’t want the South anyways)■ Federal-leaned view~Civil War about differing visions of a Nation~republicanism- out of Enlightenment. Core values of US. new power structure form, sayscitizens are ultimate power source in a nation. Also, it is the gov’t’s responsibility toprotect its people’s rights. Fueled revolution, the idea taken up again in Civil War.○ citizenship: white male landowners. Because they worked for themselvesand supposedly had less “boss” influence over choices, could vote for own“conscious.” FOCUS ON: maximization of profit vs. economic independenceand free labor~Problem worsens because of Westward Expansion- each side is afraid that the otherside will gain too much power.Balance of Power Conflict:○ increases senses of of sectional nationalism○ center of Republican Party (in North)○ each side believes they are upholding the views of the Founding Fathersfrom the American Revolution■ Election of 1860- rep. party convinced Southerners were losing andfree labor interests were taking priority (worst case scenario forSoutherners)■ believed US was not protecting their rights*protection of states/individuals interests= selfishness, “loan of power to federalgov’t as long as Feds keep citizens happy”South Succession: Emancipation (self-fulfilling prophecy)Key Points from the SOLDIERS’ LETTERS:a. US was a failed experiment, so South broke awayb. Southerners saw Confederacy as legitimatec. to Union, there were 2 sides: traitors (S) and patriots (N)d. new era of civilization (emancipation)e. in North, clear reasons to fight: against slavery, for free labor.possible essay question: “What did the soldiers’ letters show us about the reasonsfor the war?”CLASS NOTES 9/5:RECONSTRUCTION-○ Issues to solve○ Goals○ Union○ African-Americans + Reconstuction○ White Southerners + Reconstruction○ End of Reconstruction (1877)1. Impact of War:-enormous population losses on both sides (proportionally, South. In termsof numbers, the North)-loss of slaves= huge impact on Southerners-Confederate $ worthless-wealth in South lost, damage to agriculture, industry, railroads destroyed,fields leveled-economy collapse-social relations change, status used to be about slave ownership and andownership2. Questions to be Answered:-who’s in charge (president, military, congress,...)-how to deal with South (exclude or accommodate?)-what will emancipation look like?Goals for Reconstruction.○ North: want free labor (wage work), to bring South back into nation.Nation supposed to be indivisible, no room for rebellion against Federalgov’t. meaningful emancipation.○ South: want things to be the same as before the war, same societystructure and rules, same lifestyle○ African Americans: autonomy, meaningful freedomUnion.Stages of Reconstruction.a. Presidential- (lenient, pro-South) Andrew Johnson in power after Lincoln’sassassination. Southerner by birth, so he is sympathetic, and wantedindivisibility for US. Plan: readmitting southern states asap, not namingthem traitors. Proclamation of Amnesty. Union-supporting governorselected.b. Radical- (party of free labor, abolition) Radical Republicans in congress.Wanted a more punitive vision. Johnson kept vetoing them but finally afterone veto too many, they impeached him. Clear that power rests withcongress. Go with a more Northern view of Reconstruction, recreateeconomic and social systems in South. Also, the Amendments (1865-1870):■ 13th- Emancipation of the slaves, freedom■ 14th- Gives citizenship to blacks■ 15th- Gives right to vote (black men only)● Also, there were Military Reconstruction Acts:-white southerners under rule of Federal gov’t (made surevoting went through)- Martial Law- made states rewrite constitutions and ratify Amendments~Reconstruction initially successful, but soon falls apart~African Americans and the Reconstruction.a. Control of labor- still stuck without land, have to work for landowners. Areable to work with more independence though. Technically they rent land,but the sharecropping keeps them in debtb. Control of daily lives- build schools, search for better opportunities. Haveown churches, on the search for separated loved ones.c. Gain + exercise rights- wanted to make sure rights are enforced. Ally withRepublican Party. Elected to state legislatures, as senators, and in House ofReps. Thousands voted successfullyCLASS NOTES 9/10:RECONSTRUCTION CONTINUED AND MODERN RACE-○ Intro, Key Ideas to Modern Race○ Scientific Racism○ Jim CrowWhite Southerners and Reconstruction.■ Wanted to recreate pre-war order● Whites: wanted security and order again where blacks had nopower. they want to be “in the right”● Black Codes: laws of what blacks could and could not do.(Power trip!) Aimed at controlling labor, since they musthave a contract with a white landowner, typicalsharecropping. can be arrested if found without possession ofa contract, codes essentially reinstitute slavery● -KKK would threaten if blacks voted, Northerners werebullied too and anyone furthering the North’s vision ofReconstruction. There were other groups, but KKK was themain one. Were racially and politically motivated.End of Reconstruction.■ All states were reinstated with new constitutions, southerners werein charge again. called it Redemption■ Loss of Northern Will-a. Grant is president, corruption and scandal distractfrom Southb. Recession in 1870sc. North has less time and energy to