World History Ancient and Medieval Chapter 1 Earliest Human Societies First concept history began with writing 3000 BC o Tigris Euphrates River Mesopotamia Iraq New concept history began at the formation of the universe o Africa o Retreat of glaciers domestication of plants animals o Classification Class order family genus species Natural selection Variation of species Human action Research o Physical remains Bones and animals C 14 o Periodization Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Paleolithic tools Hominids Humans chimps orangutans Hunting and foraging Neolithic New Stone Age Agriculture animal domestication Holocene epoch last 12 000 years in geologic history o Pleistocene 2 5 million years ago previous Advances in glaciers and ice sheets lower sea levels Migration of animals humans o Hominid Evolution 5 7 million years ago species began to walk upright Had smaller canines less male male combat Previously lived in trees Eventually fully bipedal 2 5 4 million years ago Homo Habilis Handy Human o Larger brains hand axes Homo erectus Upright Human 2 million years ago o Brains 2 3 of modern human o Specialized tools axes cleavers scrapers o Larger groups o Language communication through sound o Migration East Africa central northern western Asia Remains in China 1 5 million years ago Migrated to Spain Germany Used fire Homo Sapiens Thinking Human o Afroeurasia East Africa 250 000 years o Mitochondrial DNA similar genetics o Much larger brain o Symbolic religion language science philosophy o Organized socially o Needed more energy food for birth o Natural selection survival of fittest larger brains o Migration and differentiation 200 000 years ago Africa Eurasia by coastal India and Southeast Asia Inland Homo Sapiens Sapiens replaced Homo Erectus natural selection o Africa Australia New Guinea o Traveled Bering Strait to Americas 15 000 years ago o Glaciers melted sea levels rose land disappeared Built boats studied wind current patterns Astronomy Traveled to Pacific New Zealand Hawaii o Endogamy mating only with group members in locale Created DIVERSITY Races originally meant lineage Skin color physical characteristics Geographic area Caucasian hypothesized humans lived in Caucasus mountains were light skinned Neanderthals Cro Magnons o Neanderthals 250 000 years ago Adjusted to cold climate Ice Age Buried their dead symbolism afterlife o Cro Magnons Western Asia Side by side with Neanderthals for millennia o Hobbit species 3 ft tall 18 000 years ago Inland of Flores Indonesia o Paleolithic society 250 000 4 000 BC Nomads foragers Later Paleolithic religion art music Megafaunal extinction dying out of large Ice Age mammals Climate change hunting Human population growth 500 000 humans 30 000 years ago 5 million 10 000 years ago Family kinship Culture Migration marriage Kin groups social power and efficiency modern day humans Flutes carvings jewelry paintings o Symbols offerings teachings Spirits and religion o Burials believing in afterlife o Animism people plants animals occurrences had spirits o Shamans spiritually adept men and women communicating with the unseen world Oversees health prosperity of peoples Rituals prayers remedies healing o Neolithic society 9 000 BC Development of agriculture livestock Agricultural revolution Settled farms less nomadic societies Earth s climate warmed wetter environment for crops Horticulture o Spread across globe eventually to Americas o Domestication of dogs sheep wild goats Crop domestication selected breeding to meet human needs Crescent present day Lebanon Israel Jordan Turkey Iraq Iran Sustainable lifestyles Pastoralists herding and raising livestock o Disease endemics Plowing 7 000 BC o Led to roads and invention of wheels trade travel o Settlements o Creating social hierarchies divisions of rich poor Shamans priests had higher power Slavery began o Gender differentiation o Patriarchy system of men with more power influence on women or dominant over other men Inheritance firstborn male Elite marriages or mistresses Trade and connections Copper and obsidian tools Bronze Bronze Age Calendars and Earth patterns researched discovered o Stonehenge
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