Sassanids Persian ruling dynasty Rightly guided caliphs Rashidun Caliphs For Sunni Muslims Muhammad s successors as umma leaders Abu Bakr Umar Uthman and Ali Edict of Milan 313 C E letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire The letter was issued in AD 313 shortly after the conclusion of the Diocletianic Persecution Fitna Term applied to several civil wars in early Islamic history Nicene Creed 325 C E formal statement of Christian belief that is widely used in Christian liturgies based on that adopted at the first Council of Nicaea in 325 Abu Bakr First caliph 632 634 who put down tribal revolts and began conquests outside Arabian Peninsula Justinian corpus Juris Civilis Umar Second of the Rashidun Caliphs 634 644 leader of the early Arab conquests Year of the elephant 570 C E year that Muhammad was born Uthman Third of the Rashidun Caliphs 644 656 Roman byzantine empire Eastern Roman Empire 330 1453 which ruled from Constantinople and professed Greek Orthodox Christianity Ali Fourth of the early caliphs 656 661 regarded by Shiite Muslims as the first imam leader after Muhammad Jahaliya Ignorance Mu wawiya Umayyad Caliph 661 680 Muhammad Arab religious leader born in Mecca and founder of the Islamic umma viewed by Muslims as God s messenger whose revelations were recorded in the Quran Battle of Siffin 657 Indecisive clash between partisans of Ali and those of Mu awiya who wished to avenge Uthman s death Abu Talib Muhammad s uncle and protector d 619 Kharijites Seceder who opposed Ali after he accepted arbitration of the Battle of Siffin and killed him 661 later an anarchist group believing that any sinless Muslim could be caliph Khadija Muhammad s first wife d 619 Aisha Abu Bakr s daughter one of Muhammad s wives and opponent of Ali at the Battle of the Camel 656 Battle of the camel 656 First clash between Muslim armies in which Ali defeated Talha Zubayr and Aisha Umma The political social and spiritual community of Muslims Shura Council chosen by Umar in 644 to elect his successor People of the Book Jews and Christians Dhimmis Dhimmi 2nd class status of Jews Christians Recognized as people of the book Respected but not on same level as Muslims Mecca Period 610 622 Abu talib Khadija die Followers flee to Ethiopia 622 hijra to medina Medina Period 622 632 Battles Muhammad returns to mecca 630 Mawali non Arab convert to Islam Hijra I A H Emigration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 year 1 of the Muslim calendar Jizya tax on Dhimmi s Yazid Umayyad Caliph 680 683 Abd al Malik Umayyad caliph 685 705 who ended the second fitna Diwan divan Ottoman council of ministers Charles Martel battle of tours victorious Battle of Poitiers 732 Charles martel vs al walid Martel victorioius Abu al Abbas Al Saffah first abbasid caliph savage attacks Fustat Egyptian garrison town in early Islamic times later an administrative center near modern Cairo Abbasid Dynasty arab family decended from abbas muhammad s uncle that ruled from Baghdad over parts of the muslim world 750 1258 Al Mansur abbasid caliph who began the construction of Baghdad 754 775 unofficial founder Nephew of Abbas Capital of Baghdad Vizier Barmak Harun al Rashid abbasid caliph 786 809 1001 Nights collection of Middle Eastern and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Al Ma mun son of Rashid tries to reconcile disputes between Sunni and Shi a unsuccessful School of Mutozulites House of Wisdom library and translation institute in Abbassid era Baghdad Iraq It was a key institution in the Translation Movement and considered to have been a major intellectual center of the Islamic Golden Age Hagia Sophia Barakids Persian family of viziers under the early abbasids Ghilmans slave soldiers in the Ottoman Mughal and Persian Empires Mamluks 1 Turkish or circassian slave soldier 2 Member of a military oligarchy ruling Egypt 1250 1517 and Syria 1260 1516 and retaining power in some areas up to the nineteenth century Fatamids arab family of Isma ili Shiites claiming descent from ali and Fatima ruling north Africa 909 972 and Egypt 969 1171 and claiming control of Syria hijaz and yemen Zanj Revolt Zanj group of slaves erupted due to treatment up to 500 000 people in revolt Long term results environmental destruction Hadith narrations of Muhammad s life sayings etc 6 strains are recognized universally as being credible Shi as have separate Hadiths Isnad chain of authenticity Sunna actual events that occurred in Muhammad s life Fatimid Dynasty arab family of Isma ili Shiites claiming descent from ali and Fatima ruling north Africa 909 972 and Egypt 969 1171 and claming control of Syria hijaz and yemen Druze pertaining to the secret religion practiced by some Arabs in Syria Lebanon and Israel and founded by shaykh Darazi who preached that the Fatimid caliph al Hakim was the last of a series of emanations from god Ismaili pertaining to seven imam shiism Zaydi muslim who believes that zayd bequeathed his umma leadership to designated successors Imami 12ers Largest group of Shi a in world Live in Iran Led by Ayatollah the sign of god Term not used by other Shi a groups Mahdi Ohaltation disappeared will come back at end of time British General claimed to be Mahdi slaughtered Al Azhar Started as Shi a institution Oldest university in Islamic world Is Sunni institution today Al Hakim 996 1021 eccentric Known for intolerance destroys holy church of sepulcher in Jerusalem Caliph Cairo egypt s capital founded by fatimids 969 Ayyubids New dynasty created by Salah al Din 1171 1350 imported Mamluks Seljuks 956 1300 Central Asian Turkic tribal leader who adopted islam OR ruling family descended from seljuk Battle of Manzikert 1071 Asia Minor Major defeat of Byzantine empire by Muslim force Sufi pertaining to Muslim mystics or to their beliefs practices or organizations Wali one who god favors Shaykh Leader of Sufi order Old and respected man Dhikr A form of devotion associated chiefly with Sufism in which the worshiper is absorbed in the rhythmic repetition of the name of God or his attributes Silsila shaykh passed leadership down chain Baraka blessing Nafs means self or psyche Mental health in Islamic medical tradition Antinomial Practices want to stimulate god s grace Jerusalem Judea s main city major religious center for jews Christians and muslims proclaimed by Israel as its capital Edessa northwest Mesopotamian town and crusader