Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study GuideChapter 12: HippocampusThe Content of Experience Matters to the Brain: Multiple Memory Systems- Complete understanding of memory  recognizing content of experience is important- Memories = segregated into different (sometimes overlapping) brain regions according totheir contento Perceptual memoryo Semantic memoryo Episodic memoryo Declarative memoryo Spatial memoryo Emotional memoryo Learning of actions & habits1Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study GuideInputs suggest polymodal association area (amygdala input not shown)- Intrinsic connectivity suggests additional signal integration and/or signal amplification- Left gets to know what’s going on with the right, and vice versa2Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study Guide- Ascending output to cortex is broad & topographically organized- Suggest mapped feedback of polymodal input- Includes feedback to entorhinal cortex3Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study Guide- Descending output to the amygdala, medial pre-frontal cortex, lateral septum, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis- Indirect influence on motor regions of the hypothalamus that control motivated behavior4Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study Guide- Direct descending output to motor regions of the hypothalamusHippocampal Connectivity: Summary- Main input = Polymodal sensory (highly abstracted sensory information) & state- Intrinsic = Additional signal convergence and/or signal amplification- Main output = Mapped feedback to cortex and indirect (and direct) influences on motivated behavior Convergent (polymodal) input from cortexThe Hippocampus & Episodic Memory: H.M’s Contribution to Memory Research- H.M suffered profound epilepsy- Medial temporal lobe removed bilaterally (both sides)o Included: hippocampus, amygdala, and surrounding cortex- H.M became severely amnestic5Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study Guide- Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memory for event that occurred before surgeryo Extended back to his childhood- Anterograde Amnesia: Memory for events that occurred after surgeryo Permanent- H.M lost all contact with the pasto Couldn't recognize people he saw every day, or himself- Short-term memory remained intacto Couldn't convert STM to LTM- Could acquire new skillso Ex) Mirror tracing His performance improved with trials No memory of participating in the tasks- H.M unique & important to research in that the location of his brain damage was known- Researchers able to test hypotheses about what regions are critical to memory- Intellectual capacities remained intact, indicating that memory functions can be separatedfrom other cognitive abilities- Anterograde and retrograde amnesia = restricted to certain kinds of contento Part of the foundation for the multiple memory systems view6Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study Guide- Removal of H.M’s medial temporal lobes disrupted the episodic memory system- Episodic Memory System: Extracts and stores the content of our personal experiences ina manner that allows them to be consciously retrieved- Because H.M’s brain damage was extensive, it was difficult to know if any particular region was more critical to his amnesia than the others- Researchers turned to animal modelso Devised a memory task that could be used with primates to study episodic memoryo Surgically remove various regions of the brain that were removed from H.M, and test animals on this task- Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Task (DNMS)o Invented to study episodic memory in monkeyso Task is to remember the object it sampled and choose the novel object on the choice trialThe Hippocampus and Episodic Memory- Damage to the rhinal cortices, but not to the amygdala and hippocampus, impaired performance on the DNMS task- Cortices surrounding the hippocampus support DNMS performance- Primates had selective damage to the hippocampus and amygdala or the perirhinal cortex- Only damage to the rhinal cortex impaired performance7Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study GuideDual Process Theories of Recognition Memory- The DNMS task doesn't depend only on the declarative memory system- One depends on the hippocampus, one doesn't- Monkeys without a hippocampus can still perform correctly on the DNMS task because they still have the neural system (perirhinal cortex) needed to make familiarity based judgments- Perirhinal cortex = familiarity- Hippocampal formation = recollectionChapter 13: Indexing TheoryThe Hippocampus and Episodic Memory- Episodic memory system captures the content of our experiences in a form that permits us to recollect or replay them- Damage to hippocampus  capacity is lost  become disconnected from the past- Something special about the hippocampal formation & its connections with other brain regions that is fundamental to the episodic memory system8Conditioning & Learning Final Exam Study GuideProperties of Episodic Memory- Episodic memory system automatically captures information as a consequence of exploring and experiencing the environment- The hippocampus does not need to be driven by our intentions or goals to store information- May store incidental information – information that was not your focus of attention- Violates the “standard” rules of learningo Change in capacity for behavior, but required without contingency- Content of declarative memory also described as episodic – captures information abut single episodes of our lives- Declarative system can capture information about an experience that only occurs once- Episodic system stores highly similar episodes and makes it so that these memories do not interfere with each othero Ex) Where you parked your car today versus where you parked it yesterday- Important property of the episodic system = the representations it stores are somehow protected from interference- Episodic system supports memories that can be consciously recollected or recalled- Conscious Recollectiono Intentional – you actively initiated a search of your memory Manner in which retrieval is initiatedo Have an awareness of remembering – a sense that the memory trace has been successfully activated Subjective feeling that is a product of the retrieval process- Encoding:o Information captured automatically (unconsciously?) Doesn't require goals or intention, reinforcement or punishmento Stored memories are protected from interference Highly similar episodes don't interfere with each other Time = disambiguating factoro