Module 6 on Proteins tissues Proteins maintain body tissues support growth of new tissue repair Amino acid building blocks of protein and contain nitrogen carbon hydrogen and oxygen as well total 20 We obtain them from our diet and make some of them in cells Essential amino acid amino acids that we cannot synthesize in the cell in sufficient amounts 9 example egg If the protein contains all 9 it is high quality and a complete protein Nitrogen is in proteins but not carbs Nitrogen from protein break down is converted to urea in liver and excreted by kidneys what happens when diet is lacking an essential amino acid or when body has too much protein usually is a good diet except those with kidney disease may be effected because that is how our body gets rid of the extra nitrogen limit of calories per day leaves person hungry and irritable with noticeable weight loss loss of water can be regained easily o These diets increase the rate of coronary heart disease breast cancer how are proteins digested and absorbed occurs in the small intestine and colon cancer and the stomach peptide bond chemical bond between two adjacent amino acids that holds the protein together Edema swollen tissue low blood proteins allow fluid to accumulate in the extremities where hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out and there are not enough proteins to pull the fluid back in Positive Protein Balance needed when a body is growing or recovering from illness injury o Supplies raw materials required to build new tissues o Must eat more protein daily resistance exercise Negative Protein Balance consuming less protein than needed such as when acute illness reduces desire to eat more protein than consumed RDA for protein and be able to apply it RDA 0 8 grams of dietary protein per kilogram of body weight SEQUENCE DNA mRNA RNA tRNA marasmus another form of PEM is essentially extreme starvation It happens to adults as well as children and is the result of low protein and inadequate calories Kwashiorkor a deficiency disease occurring primarily in young children who have an existing disease consume a marginal amount of energy and considerably inadequate dietary protein in the face of demands for rapid growth child suffers from multiple infections and exhibits edema growth failure weakness and may lead to death varying degrees of vegetarianism o Vegan no animal products at all o Fruitarians eat fruits nuts honey and vegetable oils o Lactovegetarians dairy products o Lactoovovegetarians dairy products and eggs sources of B12 for vegan legumes are a good source of lysine but are somewhat deficient in the the essential amino acid methionine Rice is a good source of methionine but lacking in lysine As we mentioned before by combining these two incomplete protein foods into one dish a complete protein is achieved Module 7 on Vitamins Vitamin A maintains vision Toxicity bone pain fractures in the elderly fetal malformations headache insomnia dry skin hair loss liver damage Skin health excess in the retina may appear in orange yellow tint skin Xeropthalmia drying of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency Beta Carotene enzymes break beta carotene and split it in half to produce the retinoid form Vitamin D it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun The skin formulated vitamin D must be changed by the liver and then the kidney in order to be biologically active The stomach gall bladder and intestinal track aid in the release of the vitamin from food and absorption through the small intestine Rickets lack of sunshine or lack of vitamin in diet vitamin D deficiency Osteomalcia softening on the bones due to lack of vitamin D Vitamin E Protects cell membranes DNA and other electron dense areas in the cell from free radical damage Hemolytic Amenia when child is born with not enough Vitamin E from their mother and has no protection of cell membrane Vitamin K aids in normal blood clotting bone formation o Deficiency Rare a person would have to be taking antibiotics stop eating and not have any stores of the vitamin which will cause bleeding and bone problems Vitamin Bs responsible for chemical changes in the cell that allow for transformation of energy stored in food fuels into ATP and the release of carbon as CO2 and hydrogen as H20 o Usually for coenzyme nature specifically NAD and FAD o Folate if consumed during pregnancy can help prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida o Niacin prevents the disease pellagra o Thiamin elderly o Riboflavin alcoholics o Pantothetic Acid transformation of food energy to ATP o Biotin adds removes single carbons from intermediates o Vitamin B6 participates in metabolic reactions involving amino acids o Vitamin B12 controls folate metabolism Pernicious Amenia common condition in the aging population lack of ability to produce intrinsic factor Anti oxidant vitamins E and C only Water Soluble all 8 B vitamins except B12 and vitamin c dissolve in water Absorption Taken from the body Toxicity Toxic when taken in excessive amounts Fat Soluble a d e k they do not dissolve in water can be absorbed through the intestinal tract Absorption Absorbed through the intestinal tract after they are transported in the bloodstream to body cells and stored in the liver and fatty tissues Toxicity overdose will lead to a toxic build up in the body know anti oxidant nutrients Vitamin E and C FDA does not interfere much with vitamins due to the Drug and Supplement Health Education Act DSHEA which deregulated the industry from vitamins B vitamins are generally co enzymes and help regulate chemical reactions why is vitamin D unique compared to other vitamins and what food is most reliable source in diet it can be formed by body due to exposure to the sun and fatty fish such sardines canned tuna salmon and oil derived from cod liver Almost all dairy products are fortified with vitamin D so these are reliable sources Some ready to eat breakfast cereals are fortified with D as are some margarines warning that must be included with a structure function claim on dietary supplements Module 8 on minerals and water Control of water in compartments of body by ions and which ions are intra and extracellular Ion concentrations for fluid balance and electrolytes o Potassium is intracellular fluid within cells o Sodium and chloride are extracellular fluid around the cells Relative concentrations that keep our hydration balanced 1 ml kcal fluid need how does municipal water compare to bottled water bottled may not contain
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