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1Vitamins and Minerals1. What are the basics of metabolism?- Metabolism in the body is the collective reactions that synthesize energy and make in biomolecules. Most every reaction is the body does either of these two processes. Anabolism is the synthesis of new molecules and catabolism is the breakdown. - An example would be with glucose to form ATP. This would be catabolism, as glucose is being degraded. Glycogen formation would be anabolism, as a new molecule is formed from another substrate (glucose) 2. What are the reactions that food undergoes?- Outside of the body (not really important clinically) food reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and heat. This is called combustion and you have seen it in gen chem. In the body,the digested food goes though a bunch of reactions and this gives off electrons, and the electrons make the ATP. The carriers are mainly NAD, NADP, and FAD.- Remembering what redox reactions are, the electron carries get reduced (gain electrons) then they get oxidized at the end (lose electrons). This loss of electrons is what makes the ATP3. What are all the nutrients and it subcategories?- Nutrients are everything that gives the body energy. These are broken down to the macronutrients and the micronutrients. Then you have the coenzymes, which many of the nutrients are. The macronutrients are the lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and water. These can all be broken down to yield energy. The micronutrients are the minerals and the vitaminso The vitamins are organic molecules that are required for life. These can either be fat or water soluble. Fat soluble are A, D, E, K. Water soluble are all the B vitamins and vitamin Co Minerals are inorganic molecules that are essential to proper function. Every macro mineral (required in greater amounts than micro minerals) I’m sure people have heard of, as they are involved in a lot of clinical settings. Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, and ChlorideTony Berardi2 Coenzymes help enzymes with their job. Most all vitamins serve as coenzymes to some extent. For example, all B vitamins are coenzymes. There are two types:o Organic are the vitaminso Inorganic are everything else; minerals, ions4. What are all the water soluble vitamins and what do they do? (from my other study guides, so might not be everything we need for this class)- The B vitamins are Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Cobalamin (B12), Pantothenic acid, folic acid, lipoic acid, and biotin. The purpose of each one is usually catalytic, meaning they are all involved in different enzymes. o Thiamin is active as TPP and is a dehydrogenase. TPP helps form Acetyl CoA from pyruvate, and helps form alph-ketoglutarute in the Krebb’s cycle. It is also in BCAA metabolism and in the pentose pathway. The deficiency is Beriberi, which can be wet (CV) or dry (CNS)o Riboflavin is active as FAD mostly and you can guess what FAD does. It is an electron transporter, helps pyruvate from acetyl CoA, and is in B-oxidation. o Niacin is active as NAD and you can also guess what it is. It is also an electron transporter, and isa dehyrdrogenase in the Krebb’s cycle and in B-oxidation. It helps lactate form pyruvate also. Itsother form, NAPH, is involved in the pentose pathway (making nucleic acids). Deficiency is pellagra, the four D’s Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, and deatho Pyridoxine is active as pyridoxine phosphate and is mostly in transanimation. o Pantothenic acid is active as CoA and the deficiency is neuromuscular weakness and adrenocortical insufficiency. o Biotin is active as it is, and is involved in gluconeogenesis (in pyruvate carboxlyase). 5. Important facts on vitamin C.Tony Berardi3- Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant for one, but it is also involved in collagen formation. Its deficiency will lead to the improper formation of collagen, and thus will result in scurvy. Specifically L-ascorbic becomes ascorbate. This then becomes dehydro-ascorbic, then to collagen. 6. Important facts on Folic acid.- This is active as tetra-hydrofolic acid, and it is use in one carbon transfers, in the synthesis of the purines and pyridimes (Nucleic acids) and in some AA metabolism. This vitamin is especially important for pregnant women (deficiency leads to spinal malformations in baby). The DRI is higher for them at 600 ug. Deficiency can also cause pernicious anemia, which will lead to cobalamin deficiency (can’t make IF)7. Important facts on cobalamin.- This contains a cobalt in the middle and is active as 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. It works to catalyze 1,2 H shifts. As mentioned above, B12 depends on IF to be absorbed; this is normally made in the stomach. 8. Important facts about vitamin A.- Active as retinol and can be formed from beta-carotene. It is essential in vision because it is a component of the pigments, so its deficiency will lead to night blindness. Toxic levels can lead to hepatosplenomegaly, hair loss, and irritability.9. Important facts about vitamin D- Active as cholecalciferol, it helps maintain calcium balance in the body. It works by increasing the amount in the blood; this is done by increasing the amount of Ca that the intestine absorbs, decreasing the amount that the kidney excretes, and helps PTH (parathyroid hormone) in bone resorption. - The mechanism is fairly simple in that cholesterol forms 7-dehydrocholesterol, this reacts with sunlight/radiation to form cholecalciferol. Also known as D3, it forms 25-hydroxycalciferol in the liver. Then it travels to the kidney and form 1,25-dihydoxycholecalciferol. This is the main form.10. Important facts about vitamin E.Tony Berardi4- Active as alpha-tocopherol, it is a potent antioxidant. The main antioxidants are vitamin A, C, E.11. Important facts about vitamin K- This is involved in blood clotting, indirectly, by making a lot of the molecules involved.Glycolysis1. What is glyocolysis?- This is the catabolic pathway that glucose enters to yield energy. Just know that you start with glucsose, go through a whole bunch of reactions, and end up with pyruvate. Pyruvate can then go to three paths that I will explain later. This process occurs in the cells cytosol.2. How does glycolysis happen?- Glucose breakdown occurs in the cytosol and is anaerobic—no oxygen. Glucose+2NAD+2ADP+2 Phosphate will form 2 pyruvates+2NADH+2ATP, and this is how it happens: To make it easier to grasp, think of it as


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FSU BCH 4053 - Vitamins and Minerals

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