Vitamins and Minerals 1 1 What are the basics of metabolism Metabolism in the body is the collective reactions that synthesize energy and make in biomolecules Most every reaction is the body does either of these two processes Anabolism is the synthesis of new molecules and catabolism is the breakdown An example would be with glucose to form ATP This would be catabolism as glucose is being degraded Glycogen formation would be anabolism as a new molecule is formed from another substrate glucose 2 What are the reactions that food undergoes Outside of the body not really important clinically food reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide water and heat This is called combustion and you have seen it in gen chem In the body the digested food goes though a bunch of reactions and this gives off electrons and the electrons make the ATP The carriers are mainly NAD NADP and FAD Remembering what redox reactions are the electron carries get reduced gain electrons then they get oxidized at the end lose electrons This loss of electrons is what makes the ATP 3 What are all the nutrients and it subcategories Nutrients are everything that gives the body energy These are broken down to the macronutrients and the micronutrients Then you have the coenzymes which many of the nutrients are The macronutrients are the lipids proteins carbohydrates and water These can all be broken down to yield energy The micronutrients are the minerals and the vitamins o The vitamins are organic molecules that are required for life These can either be fat or water soluble Fat soluble are A D E K Water soluble are all the B vitamins and vitamin C o Minerals are inorganic molecules that are essential to proper function Every macro mineral required in greater amounts than micro minerals I m sure people have heard of as they are involved in a lot of clinical settings Calcium Potassium Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus and Chloride Tony Berardi Coenzymes help enzymes with their job Most all vitamins serve as coenzymes to some extent For example all B vitamins are coenzymes There are two types o Organic are the vitamins o Inorganic are everything else minerals ions 2 4 What are all the water soluble vitamins and what do they do from my other study guides so might not be everything we need for this class The B vitamins are Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pyridoxine B6 Cobalamin B12 Pantothenic acid folic acid lipoic acid and biotin The purpose of each one is usually catalytic meaning they are all involved in different enzymes o Thiamin is active as TPP and is a dehydrogenase TPP helps form Acetyl CoA from pyruvate and helps form alph ketoglutarute in the Krebb s cycle It is also in BCAA metabolism and in the pentose pathway The deficiency is Beriberi which can be wet CV or dry CNS o Riboflavin is active as FAD mostly and you can guess what FAD does It is an electron transporter helps pyruvate from acetyl CoA and is in B oxidation o Niacin is active as NAD and you can also guess what it is It is also an electron transporter and is a dehyrdrogenase in the Krebb s cycle and in B oxidation It helps lactate form pyruvate also Its other form NAPH is involved in the pentose pathway making nucleic acids Deficiency is pellagra the four D s Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia and death o Pyridoxine is active as pyridoxine phosphate and is mostly in transanimation o Pantothenic acid is active as CoA and the deficiency is neuromuscular weakness and adrenocortical insufficiency o Biotin is active as it is and is involved in gluconeogenesis in pyruvate carboxlyase 5 Important facts on vitamin C Tony Berardi 3 Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant for one but it is also involved in collagen formation Its deficiency will lead to the improper formation of collagen and thus will result in scurvy Specifically L ascorbic becomes ascorbate This then becomes dehydro ascorbic then to collagen 6 Important facts on Folic acid This is active as tetra hydrofolic acid and it is use in one carbon transfers in the synthesis of the purines and pyridimes Nucleic acids and in some AA metabolism This vitamin is especially important for pregnant women deficiency leads to spinal malformations in baby The DRI is higher for them at 600 ug Deficiency can also cause pernicious anemia which will lead to cobalamin deficiency can t make IF This contains a cobalt in the middle and is active as 5 deoxyadenosyl cobalamin It works to catalyze 1 2 H shifts As mentioned above B12 depends on IF to be absorbed this is normally 7 Important facts on cobalamin made in the stomach 8 Important facts about vitamin A Active as retinol and can be formed from beta carotene It is essential in vision because it is a component of the pigments so its deficiency will lead to night blindness Toxic levels can lead to hepatosplenomegaly hair loss and irritability Active as cholecalciferol it helps maintain calcium balance in the body It works by increasing the amount in the blood this is done by increasing the amount of Ca that the intestine absorbs decreasing the amount that the kidney excretes and helps PTH parathyroid hormone in bone The mechanism is fairly simple in that cholesterol forms 7 dehydrocholesterol this reacts with sunlight radiation to form cholecalciferol Also known as D3 it forms 25 hydroxycalciferol in the liver Then it travels to the kidney and form 1 25 dihydoxycholecalciferol This is the main form 9 Important facts about vitamin D resorption 10 Important facts about vitamin E Tony Berardi Active as alpha tocopherol it is a potent antioxidant The main antioxidants are vitamin A C E 11 Important facts about vitamin K This is involved in blood clotting indirectly by making a lot of the molecules involved 4 Glycolysis 1 What is glyocolysis This is the catabolic pathway that glucose enters to yield energy Just know that you start with glucsose go through a whole bunch of reactions and end up with pyruvate Pyruvate can then go to three paths that I will explain later This process occurs in the cells cytosol 2 How does glycolysis happen Glucose breakdown occurs in the cytosol and is anaerobic no oxygen Glucose 2NAD 2ADP 2 Phosphate will form 2 pyruvates 2NADH 2ATP and this is how it happens To make it easier to grasp think of it as happening in three steps in reality it s 10 Step 1 Is the process of getting glucose to form fructose 1 6 bisphosphate Fructose 1 6 is considered the checkpoint You will have to go over all the structures on your own Glucose first enters the cytosol via glucose