Chapter 1 Introducing Environmental Science and SustainabilityHuman Impacts on the Environment-human activity is disrupting global systemssystem: a set of components that interact and function as a wholeIncreasing Human Numbers6.9 billion people consume lots of raw material and produce lots of waste40% of the world population lives in povertypoverty: a condition in which people cannot meet their basic needs for adequate food, clothing, shelter, education, or healthThe Gap between rich and poor countriesHighly developed countries: countries with complex industrial bases, low rates of population growh, and high per capita incomeModerately developed countries: developing countries with a medium level of industrialization and average per capita incomes that are lower than those of highly developed countriesLess developed countries: developing countreis with a low level of industrialization, a high fertility rate, a high infant mortality rate, and a low per capita incomePopulation, Resources, and the EnvironmentTypes of resourcesNon-renewableMinerals, fossil fuelsLimited supply, developed countries using these quicklyRenewableWater, trees, plants, animalsDeveloped countries also using these too quickly (exploitation). Solves short term problem but does not solve long termResource consumptionConsumption is the human use of materials and energy1 newborn in a developed country might consume the amount 12 would in a developing countryunsustainable consumptionwhen the demand for consumption damages the env or depleted resources to the extent that future generations may have a lower quality of livingecological footprintamount of land, water, and ocean required on a continuous basis to provide that person with food, water, shelter, wood, energy, clothing, transportation and waste removalThe IPAT modelI = environmental impactP = number of peopleA = affluence, which is a measure of the consumption or amount of resurces used per personT = the environtmental effects (resources needed) of the technologies used to pbtain and consume the resourcesSustainability-sustainability: the ability to meet current human economic and social needs without compromising the ability of the environment to support future generationssustainability and the tragedy of the commonsgerret hardinfarmers in midevil timesEnvironmental ScienceEcologyThe branch of biology that studies the interrelatioshps between organism and their environmentChapter 8 The Human PopulationThe Science of Demography-demography is the science of human population structure and growth, demographics is the statistic-Thomas Malthus (1700s) was first to realize that pop growth is not indefinite, says growth will surpass food-Economists such as Julian Simon claim that technology will help prevent this enabling us to sustain foodCurrent and Future Population NumbersGrowth rate not attributed to increading birth rate, but a significant decrease in death rateZero population growth: when b = dcarrying capacity about 4-16 billionHuman MigrationIncrease in world pop causes an increase in migration for multiple reasons (better standard of living (most important), jobs, to be with family etc)Demographics of Countries-highly developed countries have the lowest birth rates, and low infant mortality rates (US was 6.1 in 2011, world was 44)-highly developed countries have longer life expectancies and high average per capita GNI PPPs (gross national income in purchasing power parity devided by midyear population)-replacement fertility level: the amount a couple needs to produce in order to replace themselves (usually 2.1) the world rate is 2.5 right nowdemographic stagesfrank notesteinpreindustrial stage: birth and death rates are high, population grows at a modest ratetransitional stage: due to improved healthcare and reliable food and water supplies causes a lower death rate, birth rate still highindustrial stage: decline in birth ratepostindustrial stage: low birth rates and low death ratesimproved socioeco conditions = low birth rate? Or low birth rate = improved socioeco conditionsage structureis a distribution of people by agepopulation growth momentum: potential for future increase or decrease in population based on age structurepositive is when the majority of the population are in the repreoductive agesage structure: effects of an aging populationaging pop means more people who are making less money and need more health carethus leading to more tax burden etchowever agin countries have lower crime rates do to less pop percentage of younger peoplePopulation and Quality of Life-82% of the world live in less developed countries-increasing population of LDCs can cause issues of over agriculting to land causing problems for its self and the world- it is not clear if the world can sustain the projected 9.15 bill by 2050, or even now at 7 billpopulation and chronic hungerfood security: when people do not have to worry about being starvedover 1 billion people live in food insecurityeconomists think a solution for starved developing countries is to increase economic development2 areas with greatest food insecurity: south asia and sb-saharan Africaeconomic effects of continued population growtheconomic development affects population growth and visa versaReducing the Total Fertility RateCulture and FertilityHigh fertility rates due to culture bc of high infant mortality rates in LCDsAlso rol of children as a use of labor in LCDs is high (176 million bw age of 5-14 worked full time, all in LCDs)Some cultures a woman who bares many males is valued, ie more incentive to have male childrenReligion plays a roll, catholics have the highest TFRThe Social and Economic Status of WomenIn lots of developing countires men are valued over women, ie women may not receive any education or opportunitiesIn 2004 2/3 of 181 countires reported gender parity: the right for every child to obtain primary educationMarriage Age and FertilityFertility depends on which age a female marries, which depends on laws and customs of their countryEducational oppertinity and fertilityStudies show the education is directly correlated with fertility, more education = later age of having children and fewer childrenFamily Planning ServicesFamily planning services result in lower fertility rates10% of women in 1960s %55 today, however # of women who do not go to family planning has increased due to increased populationGovernment Policies and Fertility-govn is established in controlling fertility with