Feb 21 Moderators of Stress Resources vs Vulnerabilities Person factors Characteristics and personality factors that make you you Certain elements of consistency Context Personality Health Stress actual perceived Coping strategies Social Support Health habits Physiological reactions Self Report Mechanisms Exposure Appraisal same event different perspective interpretation Coping emotional problem denial Biological activity born with different levels of arousal sensitivity to stimuli Moderators of Stress TYPE A BEHAVIOR Why did do we need Type A What is type A behavior Competitive behavior anger hostility time urgency More vulnerable to headaches nausea gastrointestinal diseases cardiovascular disease But are all Type A people at Risk Type A than just one behavior trait Moderators of stress Optimism Example 1 Seligman 1995 Glass half full or half empty Explanatory Style How a person explains bad events Optimistic Pessimistic External Unstable Specific Internal Stable Global Pessimistic Explanatory style 3Ps o Personalization permanence pervasiveness Example 2 Carver and Scheir 1992 o Optimism for the future o Less recovery time o Less hospital time o Completed rehab Dispositional optimism o Expectations o Measuring dispositional optimism LOT R Moderators of Stress Hardiness Internal locus of control the power is within me I am in control External locus of control I am not in control I am not responsible Hardiness Healthier across all domains experience less depression o the three Cs o Control internal external commitment challenge Feb 25 Anticipatory coping we know stressful period is coming up in an individuals life designing intervention to help intervention to help that individual Predictable Ways to intervene providing people with tangible resources Levine article Associations Between the Five Factor Model of Personality and Health Behaviors Among College Students Title tells up about the correlations extra version Why Who What Method and Results safest part to read Method tells us who is part of this study Moderators of Stress Personality Traits Trait perspective Costa McCrae openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism Experiences environment can change traits and impact personality Experiment we share the same region Does personality predict health behaviors preventable health haviors table 1 seat belt use exercise sleep condom use fruit vegetable consumption In methods athletic status if you are participating at the college level if asterisk significant relationship positive moving in the same direction athletic status and rigours activity What would be the unit for change group or individual Risky Health behaviors table 2 cigarette use alcohol use binge drinking number of sexual partners how did they get the data procedure email based survey email based people will probably answer honestly because its not face to face pressure answers are confidential one answer will allow tracing back to individual Seat belt use C positively associated with consciousness Exercise C Sleep C E Condom use E Fruit veg consumption C O From a personality standpoint the intervention we target people high in consciousness and low extraversion RIsky Health Behaviors Cigarette use C E N Alcohol use C E Binge Drinking C Number of sexual partners E all 4 high risk behaviors are influenced by greek status because they are in a group social support likelihood of events increase by the virtue of the environment extraversion could be good for health because you have an increased social support sensation seeking constantly seeking input from the outside world will drink more alcohol how to take all the results and put them in an intervention What is social support measure in quality and quantity social relationships received assistance under estimate depending on the person perceived assistance what you think you have available Structure and or function structure is mainly a quality function amount and degree of contact existence and quantity of social relationship e g cohen s social network Index comparing size of that network marital status assumes being married you have confidant confidant life partner or bff network relationships Feb 28 Function Types of support ex ISEL 12 created by SC 12 items options are definitely false probably false probably true definitely true example of a forced choice scale theres no neutral either confirm or deny Function and Structure are both important when we just asses the function its concerned about quality control dangerous if social support is tied up in one person what if they get divorced moved or dies have to capture structure as well PROBLEM you have a flat tire at 230 am it Emotional support can be gained from calling someone and telling them your problem so they can give you reassurance by listening to you but your problem is not fixed No advice or solutions Belongingness support person who provides you with companionship would be there with you when you got a flat tire So even though you still have a flat tire at least you re not alone They could even provide emotional support if they listen Instrumental tangible support person who solves the problem by making less awful or completely going away Provides service money expertise etc Informational appraisal support person who talks you through the problem by providing you with information but you do majority of the talking Esteem validation support unconditional positive remarks from a person who gives you motivation to fix the problem and keeps your spirits high Cheerleader Helps you feel less lousy and relaxed and help you stay on course while you feel good Not the best choice to go to when trying to fix the problem The other person does majority of the talking Measuring social support How to measure o Structure Function What should we measure o Perceived Received Another option Antonuccis Convoy Model Middle circle YOU First circle can t imagine life without them Circle 2 important Circle 3 less important Benefits Size of network how many people you have in each ring and who is structure lifespan complete every five years changes in social support happen across a lifespan Look for increases decreases in support and quality stable vs dynamic stable are people who are always in the one or always in the two dynamic people who keep moving on and off qualitative vs quantitative negative support person is important but can be harmful non reciprocity Sex differences reciprocity contract will