Chapter 4 Abnormal Psychology Book Notes Anxiety future orientated mood state Negative state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future Anxiety relates to depression Anxiety Howard Liddel shadow of intelligence Fear immediate reaction to danger fear occurring at inappropriate time Panic Attack abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms that usually include heart palpitations chest pain shortness of breath and possibly dizziness 3 Types of Panic Attacks situation bound cued unexpected uncued situationally predisposed Biological contributions genetic components to panic and anxiety but not direct cause CRF System HPA axis pitutary Limbic System area of brain associated with anxiety Behavioral Inhibition System activated by signals from brain stem of unexpected events e g Danger Fight Flight System FFS brain stem travels through midbrain Involved in panic serotonin defencies activate this partially Environment has an effect on anxiety Social Contributions stressful life events social interpersonal Triple Vulnerability Theory 1 Generalized biological vulnerability heritable contribution to negative effect 2 Generalize psychological vulnerability perception e g physical sensations potentially dangerous 3 Specific Psychological Vulnerability early experience sense that events are uncontrollable unpredictable Comorbidty two or more disorders occurring in 1 person Anxiety relates to Depression by 50 percent Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD Highly sensitive to threat This is how they test Autonomic Restrictions Avoid images associated with threat Treatments Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT and setraline antidepressiant drug Panic Disorder with agoraphobia experience severe unexpected panic attacks They may think they are dying or otherwise losing control agoraphobia fear and avoidance of situations in which they would feel unsafe in the event of a pnic attack or symptoms PD without agoraphobia unexpected panic attack develop substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another attack interoceptive avoidance avoidance of internal physical sensations agoraphobia without panic disorder never had a panic attack 75 percent suffer from agoraphobia are women learned alarms conditioned stimulus with internal and external events that have occurred Panic Control Treatment PCT EXPOSE patients to panic disorder to the cluster of physical sensations that trigger the attack Specific Phobia an irrational fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual s ability to function Treatment Bendoazephines Cognitive therapy as well 4 4a DSM IV phobia descriptions 1 phobia multiple possible phobias 4 subtypes of phobias blood injury injection differs from all other subtypes because panic attacks and inheritance is common tendencies to faint and decreased blood pressure also occur Separation anxiety disorder characterized by children s unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to their parents or other important people that will separate them 4 4b 4 4c 4 4d 4 5 4 5a 4 5b 4 5c Phobias run a chronic course phobias can be caused by direct exposure experiencing a false alarm panic attack observing someone else s fear and being told about danger Information transmission exposure based exercises modify neural circuits in brain Social Phobia SAD suffer severely around others performance anxiety fear of performing a specific thing in front of others social phobia generalized type extreme shyness 12 1 suffer from social phobia 50 50 gender wise prevalence young poor single undereducated learn to fear angry expressions before any other expressions and the fear diminishes more slowly than any other types of expression learning Eye region most threatening area of the face Biological and psychological events learned through growth that social evaluation can be dangerous 4 5d Treatment Role playing Cognitive therapy includes parents Drugs antidepressants more relapse on drug therapy Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD emotional disordeer that follows a trauma that a person feels fear helplessness and or horror which afterwards the victim experiences through nightmares and memories flashbacks PTSD with delayed onset symptoms show up later then 6 months or more psychlogical treatment worked better 4 6 Acute Stress Disorder immediate effect Acute PTSD Diagnosis 1 month after Chronic PTSD 3 months or longer close exposure to trauma necessary 4 6 Statistics 4 6c Causes severity of trauma necessary inheritance vulnerabilities social factors psychological characteristics personality traits hippocampus damage 4 6d Treatment Catharsis reliving emotional trauma imaginal exposure Supression of memory occurs often 4 7a Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD obsession intrusive nonsensical thoughts images or urges individual tries to resist or eliminate Compulsions thoughts or actions used to suppress the obsession and provide relief Hoarding related to OCD Tic Disorder involuntary movement jerking of limbs etc Majority with OCD are female but not percent as large as other anxiety disorders because of its severity thought act fusion equate thoughts with specific actions or activity Exposure and Ritual Performance Prevention ERP rituals actively prevented and the patient is systematically and gradually exposed to the feared thoughts or situations psychology neurosurgery to treat OCD surgical lesion to cingulate bundle 4 7b Statistics 4 7c Causes 4 7d Treatment Chapter 5 5 1a Hyponchondriasis Somatoform Disorders pathologically concerned with the appearance or functioning of their bodies Hyponchondriasis severe anxiety over belief in having a disease process without any evident physical cause Shares similarities with anxiety mood and panic disorders Key issue physical symptoms reassurance has a short term effect disease conviction 1 5 prevalence in population khora dhat other cultures Steps to being diagnosed physician mental health professional clinician 5 1b Somatization Disorder Pierre Briquet 1859 Difference between SD and Hyponchondriasis is SD is not as concerned with symptoms or what they mean Plus do not feel the urgency to take action Undifferentiated somatoform disorder 8 or less symptoms than the 13 required out of the 35 total sick role Features History of physical complaints beginning before the age of 30 which occur over several years and result in treatment being sought or