Study Guide Exam 1Tony Berardi1. Describe the basic components of fitness. So physical activity is defined as anything that involves muscle contraction, and exercise is a structured program; there is a purpose. The purpose is to improve the basic components of fitness, which include cardiovascular, body composition, muscular strength, flexibility, balance, and agility.2. Describe the SOAP method. SOAP stands for subjective testing, objective testing, assessment, and plan. It is the basic procedure you will follow if you ever prescribe exercise. The subjective testing is the medical history, exercise history, and any then else that can present a problem. The objective is the actual testing part, and includes cardio, strength, endurance, power, flexibility, neuromuscular, and functional tests. The assessment is just looking over the results, and classifying the results. Plan is obviously planning a program3. Describe some exercise tests The standard is called a graded exercise test, or GXT. This is the VO2 test on the treadmill. There are some contraindications, which you should look at on your notes. Then you have anaerobic, which is the short tests, and this shows power. Then you have endurance tests, strength tests, and flexibility, neuromuscular and functional (every day activities).4. What is the normal protocol for healthy individuals? Every protocol follows the FITT principle, or frequency, intensity, time, and type. For aerobic you have 3-5 days, at 60-80% their VO2, 20-60 min. Resistance is 2-3 days, till volatile fatigue, 8-12 reps for strength, 10-15 for endurance, and 10-14 exercises. Flexibility is 7 day to the point of tightness. All populations roughly follow this protocol, with some adjustment. Obesity1. What are the methods to classify, and what are the body fat distributions? There is the skin fold test, but the standard is the BMI in kg/m2. Know ranges for the BMI. You will have to calculate this for every case study. The distributions are either abdominal, or the hips. The scientific names are android and gynoid. Android, or the abdominal is the worst. There are also two ways the adipose cells can grow; there is hyperplastic and hypertrophic. So you get fat by the adipose Tony Berarditissues, are hyperplastic is when the number increases, and hypertrophic is the size increase. Once you get more fat cells, you have them for life (that is why it is hard for obese people to keep of the weight)2. What is the pathophysiology? Simply eating more calories than burning. There is a genetic disease though, called Prader-willi syndrome. Can also be from hypothyroidism (thyroid hormone increase metabolism3. How do you manage and what is the medication? Exercise! You want to burn an additional 500-700 kcal daily. They do have fat suppressers and CV pills, but they raise blood pressure and can cause neurological problems. If you are >40 BMI or >35 with other problems, you can qualify for a bypass and gastric binding.4. What is the exercise prescriptions? The only considerations should be taken if they have other risks. So Aerobic 5-7, 40-60% VO2, 20-60 min (aerobic is the top priority) Then comes the resistance. 2-3 days, 60-80% their 1 RM and 2-4 sets.And flexibility will be every day. You want to remember that motivation is their biggest obstacle, also injury. Diabetes1. What are the types? Diabetes is characterized from blood hyperglycemia, because there body can’t absorb the glucose. Type 1 diabetics have no Beta cells (these produce insulin, the hormone that uptakes glucose) therefore it’s an autoimmune disorder. They require insulin injections. This is the rarer type. The most common type is type 2, meaning their insulin receptors aren’t taking the insulin. Their body might produce enough, but they are insensitive to it. This usually happens with obesity. Then you have gestational diabetes, which only happens during pregnancy. The baby is therefore more likely to up type 2. And there are other possible causes, such as infections, chemicals, which can cause it.2. What are the risks? For type 1, they have an acute risk of ketoacidosis. This happens when they blood Ph lowers, which happens with the excessive production of ketones. Since their body can’t utilize the glucose (if they haven’t had an insulin injection in a while) it starts to metabolize fat, which makes ketones as a byproduct. This lowers the pH, making the blood more acidic. BAD. They can also become hypoglycemic. This can be hard to think about, cause they are characterized as being hyperglycemic; their blood in hyperglycemic, not their organs. Their organs will become hypoglycemic when they can’t get enough glucose (brain mostly). Chronic risks are Macro vascular (atherosclerosis) and Micro vascular(retinopathy, nephropathy), peripheral neuropathy (which can lead to amputation) and autonomic neuropathy.3. What are the testing and prescription indications?Tony BerardiThe main goal for diabetics is to lower their blood glucose. Exercise will help this, plus it will improve the body’s insulin sensitivity if they are type 2. Obviously look for CAD risk factors (age, family history, smoking, dyslipidemia etc.) before you begin. The most important consideration is to monitor their blood glucose--before, during, and after—and immediately stop if they start to feel hypoglycemic. Somethings to be aware of his that if they have autonomic neuropathy, their heart rate might be blunted. And you want to avoid exercises with high resistance and stress, because of the risk of retinopathy. Follow the basic aerobic protocol of 4-7 days, 20-60 min and basic resistance of 2-3 times.4. What are the precautions you should be aware about? Good footwear is a must, because of increased peripheral neuropathy. Limit the jarring movements because of retinopathy. Defiantly avoid exercising during peak insulin activity----can lead to hypoglycemia. Hyperlipidemia1. What are the characteristic? Hyperlipidemia is referring to the levels of the lipoproteins (LDL, HDL) and the triglycerides. When you absorb fat, it combines with proteins in the liver, because it is hydrophobic (so it can’t travel freely in the blood) then it becomes a lipoprotein. These are the chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL.