PRACTICAL 2 3 tunics of blood vessels TUNICA INTIMA INTERNA innermost o Thin layer of endothelium with slick surface TUNICA MEDIA o Composed of smooth muscle elastic tissue o Regulates diameter of vessels TUNICA EXTERNA most superficial o Areolar or fibrous connective tissue o Protects anchors vessels CIRCULATION Heart large arteries medium arteries arterioles capillary beds venules medium veins large veins heart VESSEL TYPES Arteries transports blood away from heart o Thicker walls than veins to withstand pressure fluctuations o Expand during systole recoil during diastole o Elastic arteries close to heart large conducting vessels most expandable o Muscular arteries medium distributing vessels o Arterioles smallest resistance vessels Veins transport blood toward heart o Thin walls low pressure large lumens o Valves prevent backflow formed by tunica intima o Skeletal pump promotes venous return Muscles contract relax blood milked through veins towards heart o Respiratory pump during inspiration changes in pressure blood flow from abdominal veins to thoracic veins Capillaries gas nutrient waste exchange o Narrowest thin walls of endothelium 1 cell layer SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION Aorta largest artery in body o Ascending aorta Right left coronary arteries o Aortic arch Brachiocephalic trunk Right common carotid artery Right subclavian artery Left common carotid artery Left internal external carotid arteries Left subclavian artery Vertebral artery o Thoracic aorta In axilla subclavian axillary brachial radial ulnar arteries Intercostal arteries supply muscles of thorax wall Bronchial arteries supply lungs Esophageal arteries supply esophagus Phrenic arteries supply diaphragm o Abdominal aorta CELIAC TRUNK Left gastric artery stomach Splenic artery spleen Common hepatic artery liver Superior mesenteric artery intestine Left right renal arteries kidney Left right gonadal arteries ovarian testicular arteries Lumbar arteries abdomen trunk Left right common iliac arteries Inferior mesenteric artery CORONARY CIRCULATION Intrinsic conduction system nodal heart muscles contract w o nerve impulses Coronary arteries supply heart with oxygenated blood Cardiac veins drain myocardium of blood Coronary sinus receives blood from cardiac veins Blood empties into right atrium via coronary sinus PULMONARY CIRCULATION Capillary beds around alveoli permit gas exchange CO2 for O2 HEPATIC CIRCULATION Veins drain digestive organs spleen pancreas carries blood to liver CIRCLE OF WILLIS Complete circle of connecting blood vessels AKA cerebral arterial circle Made up of o Anterior communicating artery o Anterior cerebral artery o Posterior communicating artery o Posterior cerebral artery BLOOD PRESSURE PULSE CARDIAC CYCLE atria ventricles contract relax Systole contraction of atria ventricles Diastole relaxation of atria ventricles PHASES o Atrial diastole blood delivered into atria via veins o Atrial systole most blood flows into ventricles o Ventricular systole o Ejection phase blood pumped from ventricles into great arteries o Ventricular diastole cycle repeats Lub closing of AV valve beginning of ventricular systole HEART SOUNDS Dub closing of SL valves end of systole Pulse alternating surges of pressure o PULSE POINTS Superficial temporal artery Facial artery Common carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery BLOOD PRESSURE Pressure the blood exerts against walls of arteries Systolic blood pressure SBP pressure exerted against walls of arteries during ventricular systole Diastolic blood pressure DBP pressure against arterial wall during ventricular diastole Sphygmomanometer measures BP BP Cardiac Output CO x Total Peripheral Resistance TPR o CO Stroke Volume SV x HR o Avg SV 70 ml Pulse pressure systolic diastolic Mean arterial pressure MAP diastolic pulse pressure 3 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 4 processes Pulmonary ventilation breathing External respiration gas exchange b w air and blood in lungs Transport of respiratory gases transport of gases to tissues Internal respiration gas exchange b w blood tissues Divisions UPPER nasal cavity pharynx larynx LOWER below larynx starting with trachea NASAL CAVITY Function prepare air for body smell resonating chamber Structures o External nares o Inferior middle superior conchae o Sinuses o Mouth hard palate PHARYNX Connects nasal oral cavities to larynx and esophagus 3 regions o NASOPHARYNX most superior respiration o OROPHARYNX middle respiration digestive o LARYNGOPHARYNX most inferior LARYNX Prevents food fluid from entering lungs permits passage of air produces sound CARTILAGES o Thyroid o Cricoid o Epiglottis STRUCTURES o Vestibular folds o Vocal folds o Glottis TRACHEA windpipe Connects larynx to bronchi Walls of hyaline cartilage o Expansion during swalling Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium o Goblet cells produce mucus o Cilia moves mucus away from lungs and to throat BRONCHI R L primary bronchi secondary bronchi terminal respiratory Series of branching respiratory tubes bronchioles ALVEOLI Pockets along ducts sites of gas exchange Alveolar ducts passageway connected to respiratory bronchioles Alveolar sacs clusters of alveoli LUNGS Entire thoracic cavity except mediastinum Left lung 2 lobes superior inferior Right lung 3 lobes superior middle inferior Pleura double layered serous membranes surrounding each lung Inspiratory muscles contract external intercostals diaphragm INSPIRATION air into lungs Thoracic cavity increases in size Air flow from high to low pressure into lungs Intrapulmonary volume increases Intrapulmonary pressure decreases Inspiratory muscles relax EXPIRATION Thoracic cavity decreases in size Volume decreases Pressure increases Air flow from high to low pressure RESPIRATION VOLUMES Tidal volume 500ml amount of air inhaled exhaled with each breath under resting conditions Inspiratory reserve volume IRV amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled Expiratory reserve volume ERV amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled Vital capacity VC max amount of air that can be exhaled after max inspiration Forced vital capacity FVC amount of gas expelled when subject takes deep Forced expiratory volume FEVt of VC exhaled during certain times VC TV IRV ERV breath exhales rapidly RESPIRATORY DISEASES Obstructive normal VC Restrictive reduction in VC o Ex Polio TB pH BALANCE o Increase airway resistance bronchoconstriction o Ex Asthma chronic bronchitis pH
View Full Document
Unlocking...