Athletic Training 1 Midterm Study Guide 1. Know taping basics, prewrap, body position, continuous vs non - Taping is used to:o Prevent injuryo Minimize swellingo Support injured areas - Preparation for Taping:o Skin surface should be cleaned of oil, sweat, and dirto Hair should be removed to prevent irritationo Tape adherent should be applied (optional) o Lubricant should be applied to prevent blisters and irritationo Tape directly to skin Pre Wrap (roll of thin foam) can be applied (1 layer thick) to protect skin that is taped daily—should be anchored proximally and distally - Select the proper tape for the injury and location (actute angles=narrower tape) - Tear tape so that it has a straight edge with no loose strands- Rules for tape application:o Joint must be stabilizedo Overlap tape by halfo AVOID continuous taping and USE non-continuous tapingo Keep tape roll in hand whenever possibleo Smooth and mold tape as it is laid down on skino Allow tape to follow the contours of the skin o Start with an ANCHOR piece and end with a LOCKING STRIP o Where max support is needed, apply tape directly to skino Do NOT apply tape is skin is hot or cold from other treatments2. Know difference between acute and chronic conditions.- Acute—something has initiated the injury process- Chronic—injury becomes chronic when it doesn’t heal properly3. Know signs and symptoms of shock and different types of shock.- Generally occurs with severe bleeding, fracture, or internal injuries- Symptoms—moist, pale, cold skin; decreased and weak pulse; decreased BP; and shallow respiration- Types of Shock: o Hypovolemic—decreased BV resulting in poor O2 transporto Respiratory—lungs unable to supply enough O2 to circulating bloodo Neurogenic—inadequate O2 transport caused but general vessel dilation which does NOT allow full 6L of blood to fill circulatory systemo Cardiogenic—inability of heart to pump enough blood o Psychogenic—syncope or fainting caused by temporary dilation od vessels which reduces blood flow to the braino Septic—smaller vessels are caused to dilate due to toxins from a bacterial infection o Anaphylactic—results from severe allergic reactiono Metabolic—occurs from untreated illness or extensive fluid loss4. Know signs and symptoms of heat illness and how to avoid it- Hydration is super importanto Should hydrate 24 hours prior to activityo Urine should be light yellow in color- Dehydrationo Mild dehydration—occurs when 2% of body weight lost in fluido Symptoms—thirst, dizziness, cramps, fatigue, dry mouth- Heat Rash—red, raised rash, combined with prickling and sweato Causes—continuously wet un-evaporated sweato Can be prevented by toweling bodyo Generally localized to areas covered with clothing - Heat Syncope (Heat Collapse)—rapid fatigue and overexposure o Causes—peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood in extermities resulting in dizziness or fainting o Can be treated with cool environment, laying down, and rehydration- Heat Cramps—painful muscle spasmso Causes—excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalanceo Overexertiono Treat with fluid ingestion, ice massage, light stretching- Exertional Heat Exhaustion—unable to sustain adequate cardiac output due to inadequate fluid replacement o Symptoms—profuse sweating, pale skin, core temp >104F, dizziness, nausea, hyperventilation, etc. o Treatment—fluid ingestion (intravenous replacement), cool environment, remove clothingo Must be cleared with physician o If not properly treated could progress into exertional heat stroke- Exertional Heat Stoke—sudden onset due to breakdown of thermoregulatory mechanismo Symptoms—collapse, flushed hot skin, minimal sweating, shallow breathing, strong rapid pulse, core temp ≥104Fo Treatment—strip clothing, sponge with cool water, do NOT immerse in water, hospitalization  **cool first, transport second**o Athlete should avoid exercise for minimum 1 week—must be cleared by physiciano If not properly treated could lead to death- Malignant Hyperthermia—muscle disorder causing hypersensitivity to anesthesia and heato Similar symptoms as heat stroke BUT muscle biopsy needed to detecto Temp will remain elevated 10-15 min post exerciseo Athlete with condition cannot compete in hot, humid envrionments- Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis—sudden catabolic degeneration of skeletal muscle (myoglobin and enzyme leakage into vascular system)o Causes—intense exercise in high humidity and heato Results in—gradual muscle weakness, swelling, pain, dark unrine, renaldysfunction o Severe case—collapse, renal failure, death o Treatment—physician immediately - Exertional Hypoatremia—fluid/ electrolyte disorder resulting in abnormally low [Na] in blood o Causes—ingesting too much fluid before, during, and after exercise, toolittle Nao Symptoms—headache, nausea, swelling of hands and feet, lethargy, etc. o If Na levels cannot be determined on site, transport to hospital, need IV5. Know what issues to consider when developing your emergency management plan.- First hour prior to injury is critical—“Golden Hour” - Primary concern—maintaining cardiovascular and CNS functioning - Plan should address:o Personnel and role, necessary equipmento Helmet removal policy and procedureso Availability and accessibility of phones and 911o Community based care—individual relaying info should be able to: Type of emergency Suspected injury Present condition Current assistance Location of phone being used  Location of emergency6. Know about spine boarding - Transportation where EMS need to be contacted - Maintain position of head and neck alignment along long axis of body- 4-5 people needed- If patient is in prone position—log roll onto spine board- If patient is in supine position—straddle-slide method used 7. Know basics of strength training.- Improvement shown by progressive overload of the muscle- SAID principle—Specific Adaption to Imposed Demando Body adapts to stressors to strengthen muscle in that specific area- Youth should not lift weights, only use own body weight8. Why do we use RICES.- Rest Ice Compression Elevation- Used in acute stages of injury to control pain, swelling, and hemorrhaging 9. How many lbs are the safest to lose per week. - About 1-2 pounds10. What is the purpose of the preseason physical exam? - Determine safety of athlete- Physician can actively prevent sports injuries from occurring 11. Know the steps