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Biopsychology 202 Midterm 14-1-13I. Human Brain- The human brain weighs about 3 pounds or 1500g.- It is 2% of total body weight- 100 billion neurons- 10^12 points of cellular contacts (synapse)- Many synapses are not constant.II. Monism (aka Psychoneural Identity Hypothesis)- Says that mental processes = brain processesII. Dualism - Opposes monism and says that mental processes = brain processes + something else.*We are going to assume for this class that Monism is correct.III. Peripheral Nervous SystemA. Somatic Nervous System- Body sensation and skeletal muscle movement- Both efferent and afferent neural conduction (messages)- So if you feel pain from the external environment that is “afferent”.- Efferent is like trying to move your hand, feet, etc.Acronym (for Efferent and Afferent)“SAME”Sense is Afferent, Motor is EfferentWhat it is saying is that afferent messages deal with senses, whereas efferent deal with controlling movement.B. Autonomic Nervous System (Visceral N.S)- “Life support” system- Primarily “efferent” (doesn’t require thinking)o Enervates smooth muscleso Cardiac muscles o GlandsB 1. Sympathetic (S) and Parasympathetic (P) *Most org. “dual” innervationDifferentiate in 3 ways(1) Anatomy(2) Chemistry(3) FunctionSee notes for picture of anatomy.I. Sympathetic (arousing)- Fight or flight system- Energy/Vigorous Activity- Liberation- (Catabolism)II. Parasympathetic (calming)- Rest and Digest- Energy storage process4-2-13I. Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord both encased in bone)- Meninges = 3 layers of tissue that covers the brain and spine. Remember that the spine has these three layers as well.- Outer layer- Dura mater, meaning “tough matter”.- Middle Layer- Arachnoid (intermediate)- In between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater there is the sub arachnoid space.- Innermost Layer- Pia mater = “faithful mother”.Sub Arachnoid space- Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- Highly vascularizedCSF- Like plasma- Protects the brain from bumping into the walls of the skull, acts as a “shock absorber”- Brain weighs ~1500g, 50g in CSF.- Mediates material exchange between blood vessels and brain tissue.- Produced by choroid plexusI. Ventricles (*Know this)- 3 interconnected chambers- The lateral ventricle is connected to the 3rd ventricle via the Foramon of Monro- The 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct- The 4th ventricle then connects to the spinal cord via the Foremen magnum.- Hydrocephalus, means “water in the brain”.- Enlarged ventricle can lead to neurological diseases (such as Alzheimers)Essential Anatomical TerminologiesI. Spatial Orientation- On a birdo Rostral (on a bird this would be there beak)o Caudal (tail)o Dorsal (back) (superior)o Ventral (stomach) (inferior)o Superior and inferior may be used to refer to structures located dorsally or ventrally. The terms have only to do with location, not with importance.II. Brain-Body Orientation- Structures toward the brain’s midline are medial; those toward the sides are lateral.- Structures atop the brain or a structure within the brain are dorsal.- Anterior is in front, posterior is at the back. - Structures toward the bottom of the brain or one of its parts are ventral.I. Other Anatomical and orientation Terms- Coronal- cut vertically from the crown of the head down; used in reference tothe plane of the brain that reveals a frontal view.- Horizontal-Cut along the horizon; used in reference to the plane of a brain section that reveals a dorsal view.- Sagittal- Cut lengthways from front to back of the skull; the plane that revealsa view into the brain from the side, a cut in the midsagittal plane divides the brain into symmetrical halves, a medial view.II. Ways of describing location of structures- Dorsolateral (“up and to the side”)- Lateral (toward the side of the body or brain)- Medial (toward the middle, as in inside the middle of the brain)- Ipsilateral (structures that lie on the same side)- Contralateral (structures that lie on opposite sides)- Bilateral (structures that lie in each hemisphere)- Proximal (structures that are close to one another)- Distal (structures that are far from one another)I. Spinal Cord- Main function is to distribute motor fibers to effector organs. (Muscles, glands) and to collect somatosensory info to be passed to the brain.- Autonomous Functiono Reflexes- 31 segments“DAVE” good acronym for remembering that messages coming from the dorsal are afferent and messages coming from ventral are efferent.Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent4-3-13A. Myelencephalon- Most caudal portion of brainstem.1. Medulla Oblongata o Bunch nucleio Cranial nuclei- Reticular formation (CRF)- Runs from the Myelencephalon to the Mesencephalon- 3 general Functions1. Vital Reflexesa. Respirationb. Cardiovascular2. Controls muscle tone3. Reticular Activating Systema. Regulate arousal, attention, and wakefulness.B. Metacephalon (or Metencephalon) Note that the Metacephalon is NOT part of the brainstem.2 components1. Cerebellum-“little brain”.a. Fine motor controlb. Some aspects of learning and memoryc. Receives all the info that the cerebral cortex receives.d. Connected to the pons via 3 cerebellar peduncles. (See 2nd picture)i. Superiorii. Middleiii. Inferior2. Pons (is a part of the brainstem)a. Bridge between cerebellum and cerebral cortex.b. RFc. 2 interesting nuclei1. Locus Coeruleus2. Raphe nucleusThe Myelencephalon and the Metencephalon make up the Hindbrain, all it takes to survive is pretty much given here, but it wouldn’t be a very nice existence.C. Mesencephalon- Rostral part of the brainstem- 2 major components1. Tectum 2. Tegmentum Mesencephalon (aka midbrain)A. Tectum (dorsal)- Superior Colliculus (S.C.)o Relay visual info and involved in visual reflex.Periaqueductal Gray- Inferior Colliculus (I.C.)o Relays auditory info and auditory reflex.B. TegmentumContains the Reticular FormationPAG- Periaqueductal Gray (aka Central Gray)- Pain inhibition- Endorphins (endogenous morphine like substance)SN (Substantia Nigra)- Motor function- Damage results in Parkinson’s disease.VTA- Pleasure reward systemBrainstem- Remember that the brainstem contains only the midbrain, the hindbrain (cerebellum) isn’t part of the brainstem.D. Diencephalon1. Thalamuso Relay/processing station for almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex. Somatosensory, visual, auditory, taste.o BUT NOT SMELL- 3 parts1. Medial Geniculate


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UW PSYCH 202 - Midterm 1

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