Psychology Test 31. 3 factors of setting afriendship1) physical proximity: ideal that you get to know someone by having repeated contact with them. we like thingsthat are familiar. this is why long distance relationships don't work. mere exposure effect.2) positive feelings: if you are in a good mood/happy, you will be more likely to meet someone. you also see peopleas attractive3) need for affiliation: some people like to have a lot of friends. other people don't need this2. mere exposureeffectthe more we are exposed to someone the more we like them3. 3 factors of if arelationship willwork1) physical attractiveness2) similarity3) reciprocity4. physicalattractiveness-often key determinant of if someone even wants to make a friendship with someone-people automatically assume positive qualities if person is attractive. this starts as early as preschool-tends to rub off on friends. if a person is attractive/ugly, the friends will be seen as attractive/ugly-spend more time looking in a mirror-tends to not have high self esteem-tend to make more money-names are also judged for attractiveness-sadness, overweight = unattractive-smiles, high cheek bones, big eyes = attractive females-tall, more muscles = attractive for males5. similarity -"birds of a feather flock together" -college friends tend to be friends with those who have similar drinking/smoking habits-college roommate is based off of this idea-people sometimes attribute similarity with attractiveness. some religions now require a counseling before theyget married. the more likely they will stay married-attitudes, values, attractiveness, intelligence, education, religion, and age are factors of similarity. religionbecomes a problem after having children-opposites attract in personality. you need complimentary. a talker likes a listener. assertive likes passive.-top 5 things that women look for in men: money, good with kids (considerate/understanding), family, honest,depenent-top 5 things men look for in women: attractiveness, cook. this is why men tend to fall in love first- they have ashort list6. reciprocity -idea that we like people who like us. once we become friends with someone, we expect them to say nice thingsabout us, but if they say something bad, friendship declines-if people in friendships start to point out flaws, it will tend to go downhill unless someone breaks the cycle-relationships usually start off with one person liking the other more. it is never exactly balanced, but usuallyclose. if not, then the relationship isn't working-when there are obstacles (such as parent not liking child's partner) it makes love stronger/high level of arousal.this has to do with cognitive processing. a "forbidden love", which also makes affairs arousing7. altruism prosocial behavior. refers to a regard for the welfare of others. acts that you perform to help someone else.8. bystander effect -the idea that a person is less likely to help if there are others present-why? diffusion of responsibility: no one person feels responsible-also, groups tend to inhibit behavior. people don't want to be embarrassed in front of a group9. when are peoplemost likely to help-when we are not in a hurry-if the person is similar to us-if they may reciprocate in the future-when we are in a good mood-when someone else is already helping10. theories -social exchange-empathyPsychology Test 3Study online at quizlet.com/_ja1ih11. social exchange theory -basis of human interaction is to maximize rewards and minimize costs1) rewards: money/humor2) costs: could could be monetary, emotional (arguing), annoying habits, doing all the work3) your perception of what you deserve: if you have low self esteem, you will put up with more costs. peoplewill date/marry based on their level of self esteem4) probability of finding a better relationship. "better than nothing" type of relationship12. empathy theory -altruism hypothesis: we help when we feel empathy for another person-the goal is to relieve the other person's distress-a female by herself is more likely to get help than any other group usually helped by a single male (cost-benefit)-males are more helpful for heroic things. females are more helpful for nurturing and long term commitment13. characteristics of ahelpful person-low fear of embarrassment, someone with high need for approval, someone high in empathy14. deindividuation -tendency to engage in impulsive, antisocial behavior when part of a group (ex: vandalism, robbery)-why? diffusion of responsibility, person feels anonymous, high arousal level, conform to the group norm,reduced self awareness-the focus is more on the event, not the self15. social loafing -tendency to exert less effort in a group-why? reduced accountability and diffusion of responsibility. -male is more likely to be social loafer because they are less concerned with relationships to people in thegroup16. animals and aggression -psychologist restrict use of the term to conflict between members of the same species-males tend to be more aggressive-testosterone is linked to increased level of aggression-what do animals fight over? resources: food, mates, territory17. aggression -Def: the behavior that intends to hurt or harm others. could be mental or physical18. aggression theories -Freud says aggression is instinctive1) Catharsis hypothesis2) frustration aggression hypothesis3) cognitive theory4) observational learning19. catharsis hypothesis -need to periodically release aggression in some way. this could help or hurt the situation. -evidence against it: sometimes yelling and screaming can lead to physical violence20. frustration aggressionhypothesis-the idea that aggression is learned and frustration leads to aggression. ex: road rage-problem with theory: not everyone behaves aggressively when frustrated-displaced aggression: when you don't put your aggression on person who frustrates you, so you take it outon a weaker target21. cognitive theory -aggression is caused by aversive events-occurs with pain, insults, hot temperatures, and crowding22. observational learningtheory-aggression is learned-children observe aggressive parents, television violence, video games-presence of objects of aggression (guns, knives), can lead to aggressive behavior23. personality -unique and consistent patterns of behavior-your personality is the pattern of the traits that you possess-theories differ in their emphasis on their methods (some emphasize past/present)24. personality theories -Freud's