❖ WWI kills 23 million people; cause great change❖ Geographic & Political Change➢ Germany lose ⅓ of land area➢ Holy Roman Empire DNE➢ Russian Empire is gone; ran by Nazi ➢ Entire form of government (monarchy) is gone; replaced by Fascism, Nazism & Communism❖ 1914 US comes out on top during European war of Dominance ➢ Europe fights for 3 years while we take industrial good, colonies, & decide who to back➢ Britain was leading creditor nation; End of War Britain is another in debt to US❖ Economy➢ everyone is classical liberals: like rights, constitution, free trade; but socialist (think govt should control trade) before war\➢ every nation during war becomes socialist Wartime Socialism: every country has to go to planned economy➢ 1916 Britain passes laws called DORA (defense OF REAL ACT) that regulates everything: where you work, draft etc❖ Britain fighting Turkey called Ottoman Empire for oil; wants help➢ Lawrence of Arabia promises that area to Arabs if they join Britain against Turks■ also promises Israel (Palestine) to Jews called Zionists ➢ Balfour Declaration of 1917 secrets promises Palestine to Jews➢ Britain has Sykes-Picot Agreement secretly divides area up against Britain & France➢ Arabs want land, Jews want land, Britain blows chance of solving problem❖ Women➢ all men go off to fight, women take place in factories, servants, teachers, secretaries➢ historical argument about what happened to women when war is over? changed attitude about themselves➢ Women dressed differently, short hair cuts, smoke, go unescorted, own property, legal status, rightto vote➢ WWI is beginning of Modern Women’s Movement❖ America’s Weapon: African American Population➢ south says no b/c they are working class & breaks down racial barriers➢ draft & send African American soldiers then to do labor➢ African American get education, pride, discipline➢ Britain & France get not race-equal but regard soldiers as African Americans as Americans/ heroes➢ African American veterans were lynched if wore uniform in America➢ 1st Great Migration: African Americans leave south to go to north■ right to vote, sit on jury, make more money■ seed of civil rights movement➢ Beginning of WWI■ Evolutionary Meliorism to slowly change or get better ● mankind slowly perfecting itself■ optimistic view of world dies after WWI■ WWI was greeted w/clause● thought it was a good idea● would be quick & decisive ● would make things better; everyone was classically trained■ Poets went to army■ Brooke: perpetual pro-war poet; never changes because he dies in 1915 before war gets bad● wrote “Peace” and “The Soldier” (about death)■ Wilfred Owen sees & lives thru war ANTI-WAR POET● Checks himself out of hospital to join war & shot in head● 1916 poem about death called Dulce et Decorum◆ loosely translates into it is sweet & honorable to die for my own country➢ Europe was expecting pre-industrial war; gets postindustrial war ■ 7 countries can keep armies of 5 mil men of field fighting because of factories■ The Machine Gun machine that uses recoil of gun to load next bullet ● gets off 600 rounds a minutes● WWi become lethal because you can’t walk in open zone■ Cannons (Artillery pieces) shoots 7 miles w/great accuracy● phenomenally inaccurate at beginning● communications make cannont accurate but WWI does not have it■ Riddle that’s hard to solve● the defenders have machine gun & artillery in the trenches● attacker can’t do good with it● defender has advantage but dont win war by defending; must attack■ Wright Brothers invent airplane 10 years earlier; suck terribly■ 1914 is a year of movement “First Battle of Marne” ● Germans invade France (PARIS) almost make it● “Decisive Battle” don’t make it &start digging trenches■ 1915 Every country tries to figure a way to go around Western Front● British attack Turkey, German attack Russia■ 1916 (BIG YEAR) of fighting on Western Front● Germen, French, British decide if they win they will win at Western Front◆ year of slaughter➢ Battle of Verdun French don’t want to enter b/c Germany has them surrounded b/c only one road in■ French are vulnerable & don’t give up b/c 2nd largest city■ Germans banking on cornering French■ Commander General Falken Hayn comes up w/plan ■ goes to William II & suggests putting all heavy artillery in a circle; Germans dont want city but to defeat French■ Germans launch assault on Verdun (late January) -Nov■ After 10 most trenches are moved essentially no where■ 82000 mil men killed French lose 3mil/ Germans too■ under glass floor is remains of dead men■ French goes to Britain for help Haig General who helps & attacks Germans ➢ Battle of Somme■ Britain enters w/tiny army (1k men) raise giant army 4M men■ raised by volunteering; form Pals Battalion sign up w/buddies ● serve w/them & pick officers from buddies■ towns/industries sign up; male population decreases■ Haig wants to blow giant hole in front line & his army walk through it; gathers 3k guns/ week killing Germans● did not know his guns were inaccurate● almost all Germans still alive● Britain advances 5 miles in 2hors July 1 1915 57k British soldiers cut down● Battle lasts 6 months until Nov. Britain loses 300 k men/ German 3k men➢ Eric Bogle wrote “The Green Fields of France”➢ 1917 WWI ■ Winter of Discontent (1916)● guys dont leave or quit because war is bad● nobody is sure they will survive■ everybody is going to gamble■ Russia gambles● Russian revolution in March (liberal & constitutional in nature)● led by Kerensky who wants to make country look like US● Russia getting whipped in war by famine; people want peace● Kerensky continues to fight■ Germany Gamble’● Submarine (U-boat) small, vulnerable but blockade Britain by sinking● Reasons for use◆ Britain cant feed itself so get food by boat (stop boat/Britain will starve)◆ 1915 sunk Lusitania 1917 unleash ships in Atlantic & sink US ships; US enters war■ French Gamble● Nivell (general) secret plan to win war on Western Front● Nivell offensive throws whole French army at German front line (failure)● French army mutiny wont attack or defend➢ 2nd German Gamble■ Karl Marx invents communism■ Vladimir Lenin wants communist revolution in Russia; lives in Switzerland b/c of exile■ 1917 Secret German train load Lenin on