Psych 101: study guide midterm twoStates of consciousnessConsciousness is:3 ways to measure consciousness:1.2.3.Levels of consciousness ---What is the cognitive viewpoint?Circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms are:What are some environmental disruptions:5 Stages of sleep:1. 2.3.4.5.what are alpha waves? When are they present?What are beta waves? When are they present?Describe REM sleep, what are something’s that occur during this sleep?Sleep DeprivationTypes of sleep deprivation:Effects of sleep deprivation:Name and describe 4 sleep disorders that occur in people----What are some alterations of consciousness and unusual experiences?Drug tolerance and dependence:Tolerance:Compensatory responses:Withdrawal:Substance Dependence:Depressants How do depressants affect the nervous system activity? What type of effect does alcohol have on the brain?DefineBlood-alcohol level:Alcohol myopia:Expectancy theory:Learning: the role of experience:What is Learning:4 basic learning processes:1)2)3)4)Describe behaviorismAdapting to the environmentPersonal adaptation:Habituation:Classical conditioning:What is classical conditioning?How is Ivan Pavlov relevant to the classical conditioning theory?When is classic conditioning strongest:DefineExtinction:Spontaneous recovery:Stimulus generalization:Discrimination:Higher order conditioning:What is behavioral therapy used for?What is exposure therapy?Who mostly uses classical conditioning?What is anticipated nausea and vomiting (ANV)?ConditioningThorndike’s law of effect:Instrumental learning:Operant conditioning:Explain operant conditioningWhat was the Skinner box?Reinforcement: Reinforcer: What was skinners analysis of operant behavior?1)2)3)Discriminative stimulus:Primary reinforces:Secondary reinforcers:Negative reinforcers:Schedules of reinforcementContinuous reinforcement:Partial reinforcement:Ratio schedule:Interval schedule:Fixed schedule:Variable schedule:Observational learning how does observational learning occur?Define:Modeling Social- cognitive theorySelf-efficacyWhat is the modeling process?Who was tolman and how is he related to the concept of latent learning?What is a cognitive map?MemoryWhat is memory?Describe information processing What is a sensory register?Iconic store:Echoic store:Short-term memoryDefine short-term memory:What are the 4 memory codes?----What is the capacity and duration of short-term memory?Long-term memoryWhat are the components of long-term memory?Who was William Penfield? What theory did he discover?Three-stage memoryWhat is the serial position effect:Primacy effect: Recency effect:Describe the distinction between STM and LTM (memory performance)EncodingRehearsal:Maintenance Rehearsal:Elaborative rehearsal:Elaborative techniques:Mnemonics:Divisions of long-term memoryWhat 2 parts is long-term memory divided into?Explicit memory:Implicit memory:Storage What are schemas and what are the components involved with this concept?Schema:Script:What are semantic networks?What is an associative