ABSC NOTES 6 Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior DRA Reinforcing one desired behavior Extinguishing undesirable behaviors Differential reinforcement of other behavior DRO Deliver the reinforce if the problem behavior is not occurring Extinguish undesired behavior Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior DRI Reinforce desired behavior that cannot be emitted at the same time as the undesired behavior Extinguish undesired behavior Differential reinforcement of low rate DRL Deliver the reinforcer when he problem behavior occurs at least X seconds after the last instance of the behavior DRL is appropriate behavior when the behavior is not a problem but the rate is unacceptably high Extinguish higher rate responding This is different from other DR procedures because you re not totally extinguishing the behavior Differential reinforcement of high rate DRH Deliver the reinforcer when the desired behavior occurs no more than X seconds after the last instance of the behavior DRH is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem but the rate is unacceptably low Extinguish lower rate responding Differential Reinforcement of Creativity Some people claim that reinforcement based interventions stifle creativity Kohn 1999 Pink 2010 Pryor s 1969 research with dolphins IMPORTANT WHEN IS IT NOT DR Reinforcing ONE behavior in different Context Time Location What are different behaviors Involve different muscles thus faster slower rates counts AN different strengths because muscles move differently LESSON QUIZ 12 If the prisoners could avoid smuggling in contraband the guards would recommend that they be paroled when they came before the parole board in 2 years What principle of effective reinforcement have the guards overlooked IMMEDIACY According to Miller there are 4 principles of effective reinforcement These principles are 1 deprivation 2 CONTINGENCY 3 immediacy and 4 size If you are very hungry then a sign for tasty food should be established as a reinforcer What is the state of being hungry acting as ESTABSLISHING OPERATION The opposite of deprivation is SATIATION John jumped on his bed and hit his head on the ceiling His head hurt really badly and he never jumped on his bed again What principle of behavior explains this rapid reduction in John s behavior UNKNOWN Dad asked Louise to vacuum the first floor of their house a chore that Louise is not particularly fond of Dad promised Louise a cup of ice cream once she completed the chore However after Louise finished vacuuming and ate her cup of ice cream she was left with an unsatisfied feeling The task of vacuuming the entire first floor of her house was not worthwhile for a little cup of ice cream Louise s dad overlooked what principle of reinforcement SIZE The principle of size states that you must deliver a SUFFICIENT amount of the reinforce When a stimulus change e g a runny nose causes something e g a tissue to function as a reinforcer where before the stimulus change it did not function as a reinforcer then we would call the stimulus change a n EO Sleep deprivation is a n EO because it makes sleep function as a reinforcer and because it increases the probability of behaviors that in the past have led to sleep At the prison inmates could earn tokens that they could exchange for TV privileges a hot shower free exercise time in the yard etc One day we came in and found that one of the wing psychologists had given everyone free tokens He felt that the prisoners would only behave appropriately if they were given unconditional love We were upset and explained to him that his actions violated the principle of CONTINGENCY As too little is to deprivation too much is to SATIATION People who just consumed a great deal of food often don t continue to eat right away What principle explains this phenomenon SATIATION The phone rang and Joe answered but no one was there The phone rang several more times but no one was there On the 4th ring he screamed Hello you miserable bag of This behavior is predictable because answering the phone was undergoing EXTINCTION When Dr Stevens tapped Calvin s knee with his rubber hammer Calvin s leg did not kick out What principle of effectiveness explains this behavior NONE Dalton wanted to dress as a Blue Power Ranger on Halloween When his mom bought him a bunny rabbit costume he cried until his mom took it back and bought him the costume he wanted In the future Dalton is more likely to cry when he doesn t get what he wants The reason is that crying has been REINFORCED According to the principle of contingency reinforcers should be delivered CONSISTENTLY upon the desired behavior it s a 1 word answer When the doctor tapped Joe s knee with his rubber hammer Joe s leg kicked out What behavioral principle explains this behavior UNKNOWN I wish my Grandmother would follow the principle of IMMEDIACY Whenever I try out her traditional recipes she never helps me along the way I wish she would tell me yes that is the right amount of salt or not so much salt when I m thinking of adding a certain amount If she did that I would be able to learn more quickly how to follow her vague recipes in the future so I could carry on traditional foods in our family If the desired behavior occurs then the reinforcer will be delivered But if the desired behavior does not occur the reinforcer will not be delivered This is the definition of a n CONTINGENCY The rain never violates the principle of CONTINGENCY If you stand outside without an umbrella you will always get wet LESSON QUIZ 13 14 When shaping a behavior it is best to use what kind of reinforcement schedule A continuous schedule If you shift the contingencies from a FR to a VR you should expect the response rate to INCREASE On Tommy s playstation game he selects the beginner level After learning how to push the buttons just right he gets to the fiftieth level Tommy moves up to the advanced level After learning how to move the joystick he gets to the highest levels He then moves up to the expert level and eventually masters this too What behavioral procedure did James use on himself SHAPING The schedule that maintains the higher response rate between variable interval and variable ratio is VR Sandy has to strike matches usually about 4 times before they light Sometimes she gets it on the first try but other times it takes her more tries I d say that on average it takes her four tries before it lights What schedule of reinforcement is her lighting behavior on You