“WHAT IS MUSIC—RENAISSANCE” MUS 1751 NOTESI. What is music?a. Music: the rational organization of sound.i. Rhythm: (basic layer of music)ii. Melody b. Rhythm: basically made up of beatsi. Regularly recurring sounds that divide the pass of time into equal unitsii. Basic pulse of musiciii. Elements:1. Metronome: tool used to keep track of beats and tempo.2. Tempo: (Italian for time)a. Speed at which a beat flowsb. Bpm- beats per minute3. Accelerado: when a beat gets faster (change in tempo)4. Ritardando/Rallentando: a beat slowing down5. Meter: specific way that beats are grouped togethera. Two types of meter:i. Duple meter- grouped into 2ii. Triple meter- grouped into 36. Measure/bar: the division of beats7. Upbeats: the last beat in a measure 8. Downbeats: the first beat in a measurea. Comes from conducting.9. Accent: some beats are stronger than others and receive more emphasisiv. Notes:1. Whole note: 4 beats 2. Half note: 2 beats3. Quarter note: 1 beat4. Eighth note: ½ beat5. Sixteenth note: ¼ beat6. Time signature: defines the metera. Top: number of beats in a measureb. Bottom: what note value receives the beat1“WHAT IS MUSIC—RENAISSANCE” MUS 1751 NOTES7. Syncopation: the placement of an accent on a weak beat or in between beatsc. Melody: a succession of pitches usually energized by rhythm (tune)i. Pitch: the relative position, high or low, of a musical sound1. Melodic interval: the distance between two pitches2. Octave: interval which the 2 pitches are duplicated3. Accidentals: symbol that changes the inflection of a pitcha. Sharp: raise the pitchb. Flat: lower the pitch ii. Staff (staves): lines with pitches (melodic notation presented)iii. Bass clef: where f isiv. Treble clef: where g is. Higher than bassv. Mode: set of rules in which melody is formed. Pattern of pitches that forms a scalevi. Scale: a fixed pattern of tones within the octave that ascends and descends1. Whole step/ half step: how we build scales2. Primary scales:a. Majori. Peacefulii. 1-1- ½ - 1-1-1- ½ (7 notes)b. Minori. Sadii. 1- ½ -1 -1 ½ - 1- 1 (12 notes)3. Tonic: the first of seven pitches in a scale, the resting place4. Tonality: musical organization around a single pitch5. Modulation: a change between tonality6. Phrase: musical segments that make up a melodyd. Harmony: the simultaneous sounding of one or more pitches that sound at the same timei. Chords: a group of two or more pitches that sound at the same time.ii. Triad: chord built out of three pitches (BASIC)iii. Chord progression: the purposeful succession of chords in a melodyiv. Cadence: end of a chord progression.v. Dominant: fifth note in a scalevi. Tonic: first note in a scale1. Consonance: stable and agreeable sounds2. Dissonance: jarring and unstable sounds2“WHAT IS MUSIC—RENAISSANCE” MUS 1751 NOTESe. Dynamics: the various levels of volume, loud or soft, at which sounds are produced in musici. Forte: loud (f)ii. Piano: soft (p)iii. Mezzo-forte: middle loudiv. Mezzo-piano: middle softv. Crescendo: gradually getting loudervi. Decrescendo: gradually getting softerf. Color (timbre): the tone quality of a musical soundi. Overtones:1. Voice:a. Sopranob. Altoc. Tenord. Bass2. Strings:a. Violin:i. Violinii. Violaiii. Celloiv. Double bassb. Vibrato:i. Pizzicatoii. Tremolo iii. Trilliv. Harp1. Glissando: really fast, pull strings2. Arpeggio: triad3. Woodwinds:a. Flute (piccolo)b. Oboe (English Horn)- double reedc. Clarinet- single reedd. Bassoon (contra bassoon)- double reed4. Brass:a. Trumpet- cylindrical i. Mute: piece of metal that modifies the sound of a trumpetb. French horn- cylindricalc. Trombone- conicald. Tuba- conical3“WHAT IS MUSIC—RENAISSANCE” MUS 1751 NOTES5. Percussion:a. Pitched or unpitchedi. Timpani (kettle drum)6. Keyboard:a. Piano (percussion)b. Harpsichordc. Pipe organii. Orchestra: string section combines with othersiii. Conductorsg. Musical texture: the density and arrangement of artistic elements in music i. Simple or complex music is:1. Monophony: 1 sound (single line)2. Homophony: 1 prominent melody3. Polyphony: 2 or more independent voices sound simultaneouslya. Free counterpart: each voice does its own thingb. Imitative counterpart: each voice imitates each other.h. Form: large scale organization of a piece of musici. Sections are defined with letters1. Looking for a repeated section in music2. Strophic form: (easiest) AAAa. Same section repeated over and overb. Reflects poetry3. Theme and variations: A, A1, A2, A3a. Theme: prominent melody usually repeatedb. Variation: the theme slightly modified4. Binary: AABBa. Two contrasting sections with each section repeatedb. ||: : || repeat signs written in music5. Ternary: ABA1a. Three part section, may be slightly modified6. Rondoform: alternates between original idea and contrasting ideasa. Most common:i. ABACAii. ABACADAiii. ABACABAII. Medieval (ca. 450- ca. 1450)a. Gregorian chants (NO METER)4“WHAT IS MUSIC—RENAISSANCE” MUS 1751 NOTESi. Mass 1. Ordinary:a. Kyrieb. Gloriac. Credod. Sanctuse. Agnus Dei2. All of medieval mass were sung3. Passed through oral transmissiona. Downfall: things lost in transmissionb. Neumes (notae)- notation on how to sing, melodiesi. Not specific enoughc. Staff- created by monk Guiddo of Arezzo ca. 1000d. Viderunt ounnes-i. Monophonicii. No meteriii. Alternation between sob and choiriv. Narrow melodic rangee. Syllabic vs. Melismatici. Syllabic: each syllableii. Mellismatic: many notes in each syllablef. Most chants are written anonymously.g. Hildagard of Bingen (nun)i. Composed over 77 chantsii. Secular music:1. Troubadours- composers/poets who lived in Southern Francea. Wrote chanson2. Occitan- language3. Wrote about love (courtly love)4. Troubaritz- female troubadoursh. Polyphonic music-i. Sacred music1. Organum- the style of medieval polyphony by adding one or morepolyphonic voices to a Gregorian chant2. Florid organum- lots of different notes3. Voices in the original chant are tenor.4. 13th century- Notre Dame polyphonya. 1st composers to write rhythm (meter = 3)b. Leoninc. Peretin (Peritonus)5“WHAT IS MUSIC—RENAISSANCE” MUS 1751 NOTES5. Mensural notation—symbols showing how to group notes (too long)i. Guilluame de Machaut- most important musician of the 14th centuryi. Most important composer poetii. Wrote the Messe de Nostre Dame—a massiii. Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Deiiv. Similar to organum/ Notre Dame polyphonyv. Different:1. Tenor has rests2. Timing3. Notre—voices