Music 125 Study GuideWilliam WagonerWord Painting (Text Painting): music constructed to assist the lyrics & emotionsBinary Form: A-B (Pop goes the weasel)Ternary Form: A-B-A (Twinkle Twinkle Little Star)Bar Form: A-A-B Through-Composed Form: Nothing repeats- No As, Bs, Cs, etc.Program Music (Programmatic Music): music that tells a STORYAbsolute Music: NO STORY, song for the music’s sakeSprechstimme: Another way of saying “SPEECH VOICE” A form of dramatic declamation between singing and speakingCoda: The concluding passage of a piece or movement, typically forming an addition to the basic structure.Concerto: Musical soloist accompanied by an ensemble. Usually has 3 movements.Sonata Allegro Form: exposition→ development→ recapitulation→ coda A cappella: Choral music performed without instrumental accompaniment (voices only)Ground Bass: A repeating melody, usually in the bass, throughout a vocal or instrumental compositionChromaticism: The use of notes not on the normal scale. (i.e the use of flats and sharps)Atonality: Use of all notes without regards to their placementMonody: Vocal style established in the BAROQUE era, with a solo singer(s) andinstrumental accompaniment; distinguished by having a simple melodic line and instrumental accompanimentMedieval Period (dates): (476-1450) AD-People - “worked, worshipped, ate and slept” -power came from the church and the king-queenRenaissance Period (dates):(1450-1600)-artistic awakening-development of humanism and secularism-scientific inquiry, new inventionsBaroque Period (dates):(1600-1750)-extravagantOratorio: More concert going compared to Cantata, voices, sacred, Recitative/Aria, usually involves an orchestra. George Handel “Rejoice the Greatly” and “Hallelujah” Both are sacred - an Oratorio is for an ENTERTAINMENT setting and a Cantata is for a CHURCH SERVICE setting - usually Lutheran ChurchCantata: Work in which there is singing, only sacred compared to Oratorio. Involves a chorus, biblical text, Lutheran church, involved Recitative/AriaRitornello: Repeating musical (often instrumental) interlude between sections. Organum: a piece of polyphonic music based on a pre-existing Gregorian chant with added textless voices on top. (no lyrics, just open sounds) one voice is usually lower and slower, the other is higher and fasterCouncil of Trent:(1545-1563) Catholic Counter-Reformation in response to Martin Luther and the 95 theses: simplify mass, clarify text, no polyphonic music. -Before Luther the church had all the power to interpret the bible and was basically using that power against the people. People were able to pay a grievance as a way to ensure a spot in Heaven, etc. The 95 theses basically criticized the catholic church and Luther made to way to founding Protestantism. This was kind of a hit with much of the population so in response the catholic church had the counter reformation where they simplified things and made everything more comprehensible. In terms of music they went from polyphonic texture to monophonic in which the lyrics of worship were much more understood. They spent 15 years going through the 95 theses of martin luther.Prepared Piano (what is it?): piano whose sound is altered by the insertion of various materials (metals, rubber, leather, and paper) between the strings; invented by John CagePolyphony (Polyphonic Texture): more than one melodic line happening at onceMonophony (Monophonic Texture): a single line melody/sing the same rhythms at the same timeHomorhythm (Homorhythmic Texture): D-all sounds occurring with the same rhythmHomophony (Homophonic Texture): -primary melody, simple multiple parts move in the same rhythm Basso Continuo: Italian for continuous bass. refers to a performance group witha bassFigured Bass: A notational system primarily in baroque and classical era. Imitative Polyphony: A musical texture featuring two or more melodic lines, similar in shape and sound.DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDFugue: A piece of music in which tunes are repeated in complex patterns. Polyphonic, imitative. DWhat are the elements? Subject, Answer, Counter-Subject, Episodes, StrettoOpera (any and all info covered): orchestra, singers, acting, scenery, story, costumesLibretto - The ‘book/story’ of the opera Prima Donna - Primary female role (soprano)Castrati - Men who perform the opera with high voices- treated like royalty- castration procedure that kept their high-pitched voicesOpera Buffa: Comedic, quick tempo, major key, light, for the massesEx: “Don Giovanni” Mozart 1787Opera Seria: Serious, stiff/uptight audience, Aristocrats (wealthy)Recitative: Textual importance >>> over musicalAria: textual and musical importance are EQUALThe Classical Period (dates – general musical/artistic descriptions) 1750-1825- Emphasis on form - Beauty is found in simplicity - Emotional content can be characterized as “aloof”The Symphony (Information from the document “Movements_Classical Symphony.pdf”) - Typical number of movements - Musical forms often used in particular movements of the symphony(Minuet & Trio, Sonata Allegro . . . etc . . .)Typically has 4 movements:1st movement: allegro ================================================ Sonata Allegro Form2nd movement: largo, adagio, andante ======================================= ABA3rd movement: minuet and trio, scherzo =================================== ABA4th movement: allegro molto, presto ==============================Sonata Allegro FormDDDDDDDDDDDPiano vs. Harpsichord (primary mechanical differences – volume differences) While hammers are used to strike the strings of the piano, the strings are pluckedin a harpsichord. While the harpsichord comes with 5 octaves, the piano has 7 octaves. The harpsichord has NO control over volume.Read more: Difference Between Piano and Harpsichord | Difference Between | Piano vs Harpsichord http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-piano-and-harpsichord/#ixzz2n1a8pYQHRead more: Difference Between Piano and Harpsichord | Difference Between | Piano vs Harpsichord http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-piano-and-harpsichord/#ixzz2n1ZxahdXThe Romantic Period (dates – general musical/artistic descriptions) 1820-1900- Increased Emotionalism- Nationalism- Exoticism - The “Supernatural”Program Symphony (Berlioz “Symphony Fantastique”)“Idée fixe” (what is it – to what/who’s piece is it attributed)The story behind “Symphony Fantastique” by Berlioz (lecture