18 March 2013 Test Three Chapter 40 Pre read Ch 41 Sections 41 1 41 3 Review Chapter 7 Section 7 1 7 2 What do cells need Oxygen for cellular respiration Water for cellular respiration Sugar Fatty acids Proteins External environment Physiology examines the organs tissues and cells of living things How do cells tissues and organs work together to get these things into the body Multi cellularity Must have very efficient organ systems Multicellular animals require a stable internal environment Fig 40 1 Intracellular fluid cytoplasm 2 3 of water Extracellular fluid plasma interstitial fluid 1 3 of water We transfer nutrients to different cells is by plasma and interstitial fluid Internal environment Maintained by specialized cells Specialization Need tissues and cells capable of doing specific tasks Long term evolutionary process Some cells are extremely specialized Red blood cells Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment Fig 40 2 Regulation Set point Feedback Negative Blood pH can change pH level that blood is at 7 25 7 5 Can have an adjustment to the set point A sensor detects the change and sends a message throughout your body which causes a change in the blood pH An opposing response Going too fast and then slowing down Going too slow and then speeding up Much more common in biological systems Positive Continue your response Already going too fast and continue to speed up Effector systems Regulatory systems Changing something by interpreting and sending a signal Foot is effector because it leads to the change Regulate feedback around set points Speedometer self interpreting the speed up or slow down Sensors Eye which you use to sense what is going on around you In blood pH hypothalamus Cells tissues organs There are four types of tissue Epithelial Muscle Connective Nervous Fig 40 3 Have names that describe how they are organized Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Tightly packed create boundaries Filtration transport selective transport absorption secretion smell and taste Epithelial Would contain tight junctions and desmosomes Filters out particles by transporting across cell membrane Secretes Contains cell membrane proteins Channel proteins specific for ions Can be specialized based on what they transport Active transport Sodium pump in most cases when a gradient is needed Antiporter Muscle Gap junctions Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Voluntary and involuntary Connective Cells in extracellular matrix Many different types of matrices Collagen flexibility Elastin Condracites extracellular matrix in cartilage Matrix fluids Blood has an extracellular matrix of fluid Bone has an extracellular matrix made up of calcium phosphate Adipose tissue fat Lipid extracellular matrix Nervous tissue Neurons glial cells Used for communication Many more glial cells than neurons Glial cells support neurons Provide nutrients and information Communication signal Direct contact or a gap between Gap junctions in neurons Electrochemical signals Sent out as electrical signal through axon As soon as it hits end of neuron it becomes a chemical signal Neurotransmitters Secreted by nervous tissue Organs consist of multiple tissue types Fig 40 7 Organ systems Each organ is composed the four types of tissue Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Environmental temperature affects living systems Fig 40 8 Heat Denatures proteins Cell survival 0 degrees C 40 degrees C Must have specialize cell walls and conditions to survive other than in this range Achaea extremophiles Some cells have specializations to survive Changes between species Temperature sensitivity Q10 measures the sensitivity of the reaction Q10 RT RT 10 If a reaction is not sensitive than it has a Q10 of 1 Q10 of 2 means that the reaction will double with each 10 degree C rise Homeotherm Poikilotherm Endotherm Ectotherm Twice as fast Q10 of 3 Acclimatization Three times as fast with each rise of 10 degree C Change reaction rate depending upon temperature Use different enzymes for reactions Heat tolerant brings down heat of reaction Animals manage heat exchange differently Fig 40 9 Keep their body temperature constant all the time Vary their temperature usually depending upon environment Maintain body heat by using internal things metabolism Example mouse Maintain body heat by using external things environment Example lizard Metabolic heat Use of ATP releases heat Heterotherm Maintain heat by body temperature metabolic rate or environment Example bear Ectotherms and endotherms respond differently to environmental changes Fig 40 9 Metabolic regulation Endotherm Eventually levels off Thermo neutral zone Regulate using metabolic heat Behavioral regulation Ectotherm Alter behavioral characteristics in order to raise body temperature Animals exchange heat with the environment Fig 40 11 40 14 Radiation Convection Heat coming off of the reaction Exchange between your body and a fluid Fluid include water wind and air Conduction Direct contact with something Hot stove Ice pack to injury Contact with each other Evaporation Bees surrounding queen in hive When water evaporates you lose heat energy Used in order to cool body Insulation Lose heat within blood as it goes by skin Feathers and fur are a great insulators Don t do great with cooling off Pads on paws contain most blood capillaries Countercurrent exchange Blood flow near skin is adjusted to manage heat exchange Fig 40 1 When the blood flow in the arteries and veins are opposite of each other Things from internal part of body are warm Things from external part of body near skin are cold Heat is exchanged between vein and artery to keep blood flow of both stable Opposite blood flow in artery and vein Keeps organism warmer than if flowing in the same direction Mammals regulate their body temperature with their metabolic rate Fig 40 16 Basal metabolic rate BMR Animal size Body mass has an effect on metabolic rate Elephant has a low BMR Shrew has a high BMR Environmental temperature Affects BMR Metabolic rate cannot be too high or too low Affected by temperature Chapter 41 Sections 41 1 41 2 20 March 2013 Pre read Ch 41 Sections 41 3 41 4 Brown fat evaporation and shivering adjust heat in mammals Fig 40 17 Adipose tissue Brown fat More prevalent in human babies than adults Makes a new way of generating heat that is independent of ATP Secretes a protein that uncouples the relationship between the protons and ATP Allows protons to diffuse across the membrane without using ATP synthase ATP vs non ATP