Review for FYC Exam 1 1 Bronfenbrenner slides know all the systems key terms normative non normative i Involves interrelationships between humans their environments including the consequent psychological social cultural processes over time events etc a Human Ecological Model ii 4 basic structures 1 Microsystem 2 Mesosytem 3 Exosystem 4 Macrosystem iii where relationships and interactions take place to form patterns affecting human development 1 Children families communities and society Societal change chronosystem b Microsystems i 1st basic structure ii Refers to the activities relationships with significant others iii Child s development 1 Is affected in each of the following settings is affected by interactions among members of the following 2 Occurs in a particular small setting that is why it is called micro a SETTINGS THAT CAN AFFECT A CHILD S DEVELOPMENT b Family school peer group community media c Mesosystem i 2nd basic structure ii Meso intermediate Consists of linkages interrelationships between 2 or more of a developing person s Microsystems 1 Linkages come from the idea of 6 degrees of separation from Guglielmo Marconi iii Impact depends on the quality of interrelationships iv Meso s can provide support for activities occurring in the Micro s d Exosystem i 3rd basic structure ii Exo outside refers to settings in which children are NOT active participants but are affected via another microsystem 1 Effects on children are INDIRECT e Macrosystem i 4th basic structure ii Macro large consists of the society subculture to which a person belongs 1 Belief systems lifestyles patterns of social interaction life changes iii Macrosystems are viewed as patterns or sets of instructions for micro meso exo iv Democracy is a basic belief in the U S so it s considered a macrosystem it impacts so many layers of US life and culture schools families employers ethnic groups cultures etc 1 Ethnicity ascribe attribute of membership in a group in which members ID themselves by national origin culture race or religion a Ascribed passed on by ones family 2 Culture learned behavior including knowledge beliefs arts morals laws and customs traditions that is characteristic of the social environment in which an individual grows up a Acquired attributes cultivated via learning f Low context macrosystems i Low context characterized by rationality practicality competition individuality progress ii Meaning from communication is gleaned from the verbal messaged Euro American urban middle class 1 What is said is generally more important than who said it 2 Try to control nature 3 Have more fragmented social relationships 4 ID based on personal efforts 5 Expect personal freedom openness and individual choice 6 Adaptiveness for human survival a Value progress provide ways of changing using knowledge for society s benefit g High context Macrosystems i High context characterized by intuitiveness emotionality cooperation group identity and tradition 1 Meaning from communication is gleaned from the setting in which the communication takes place Native American Latino American Asian American or rural US a Tend to live in harmony with nature b Live in harmony with other humans who are a part of their social network c ID is gained via group associations d Less open to strangers make distinctions between insiders outsiders and are more likely to follow traditional role expectations e Adaptiveness for human survival i Valuing tradition provide a strong human support network helps to guard against alienation in a tech society h Chronosystem i Chronosytem temporal changes in the ecological system or individual over time producing new conditions that affect development 1 Technology changes 2 Significant societal events affect children in a variety of ways ex 911 3 Physical changes all children experience ii Explains socialization processes and outcomes thus EVERY socializing agent engages in preparing children for both stability and change iii Normative events events experience by the MAJORITY ex puberty graduating etc 2 open closed systems iv Non normative not typical and experienced by a MINORITY a Concepts and Assumptions i Systems 1 Set of components that function together a Open systems have permeable boundaries allow easy movement in and out of the group b Closed systems Impenetrable boundaries i ii Prevent movement in and out of group c Systems seek equilibrium i Systems adapt to changing environments ii Equilibrium does not equal static iii Continuous change and adaptation ii Boundaries Environmental press 1 Boundaries a Expand and contract over lifespan b Expansion to adulthood c Healthy and unhealthy boundaries 2 Environmental press family change over time iii Interaction effect a Forces in the environment that shape that behavior of the individual or the 1 B f PE 2 B behavior is a F function of P person and the E environment iv Ecological niche 1 The interaction between the organism and its environment v Proximal and distal environments 1 Includes a Person family neighborhood mesosystems and Microsystems vi Distal environment includes 1 Person community society exosystems macrosystems 3 Know the 3 Theories a Developmental theories explain the systematic and patterned changes experienced by individuals families and communities passing of time i Disadvantages of developmental theories 1 Time and cohort sensitive 2 Originally viewed as unidirectional now viewed as cyclical ii How children develop over time physical cognitive and social emotional iii How families develop over time marriage parenthood school aged children adolescence empty nest retirement widowhood death b Systems Theories describe the interactions of people with one another and within their environments It views all living organisms environments communities and families as system with interacting and related components i The human body is a system comprised of subsystems Systems theories help to explain how and why different systems function as they do c Ecological theories human ecology was coined by Ellen Swallows Richards the 1st female student at MIT i She was first to recognize the relationship between people and their environment ii Dr Richards believed that science has to apply its knowledge to improve that unit of the community the home for on the welfare of the home depends the welfare of the commonwealth Clarke 1973 p 141 d The Human Ecological Model i Two basic premises 1 The individual develops in the environment of their family