Nadelyn Pichardo Perkins 3 12 13 Ling 100 800 Syntax Study of how we put words together into a sentence Aspects of syntax flexible or fixed relatively speaking Word order Lexical categories Agreement preposition postposition object parts of speech Textbook constituency hierarchy intuition Chomsky Subject verb noun pronoun noun adjective verb object Syntax semantics interface connections between and among ideas and how those ideas are expressed and organized at the level of the sentence meanings and organization Theta roles semantic jobs in a sentence syntactic jobs in a sentence Examples 1 The cat ate the cheese Cat did something cat actor agent subject animacy vs inanimacy cheese changed condition but not volitionally intentionally patient direct object 2 The ship sank subject patient Ship subject Ship patient actor Car subject and patient Grandmother object of preposition actor 3 The car was parked by my grandmother car subject patient object of preposition Jobs for nouns pronouns subject direct object indirect object object of preposition predicate nominative ranking subject direct object indirect object object of preposition Example 1 I am a doctor of linguistics Jobs for verbs equivalency equality comparison identity transitive transfer info or intransitive Lexical categories open class terms Len Talmy N noun people places things ideas V verb actions states of being Adj adjective give more info about nouns or pronouns Adv Adverb give more info about verbs adjectives other adverbs or sentences Hopefully syntax will be easier than phonology Closed class terms Det determiner pointers specifiers Prep prepositions postpositions connect N prn to other higher ranked information in the sentence structural phenomenon time space Aux V auxiliary verb all line up in front of the main V in English because we need more than just main V can do tense modality aspect Prn pronoun replaces a noun sentence idea Conj conjunctions connections between equal components in a sentence Comp Complementizer embed sentences inside other sentences relative pronouns in traditional grammar interjection outside syntactic structure You prn have V brains N in prep your prn adj det head N You prn have V feet N in prep your prn adj det shoes N You Prn can aux V steer V yourself prn any det adj direction N you prn choose V You re prn V on prep your prn adj det own prn And conj you prn know V what comp you prn know V And conj YOU prn are V the det one prn N who ll comp prn V decide V where comp to go N Verbals Verb forms that do other jobs in the sentence 1 Gerunds N Adj V ing Thinking N makes me tired the sleeping Adj dog snored loudly 2 Participles Adj V ed A watched adj pot never boils Infinitives N to V I like to watch N butterflies drown 3 If comp conj a det secret adj history N of prep books N could auxV be auxV written V and conj the det author s Adj det private adj thoughts N and conj meanings N noted V down adv alongside adv of prep his prn adj det story N how many comp insipid adj volumes N would auxV become V interesting adj and conj dull adj tales N excite V the det reader N