3Chapter 1Paradox- makes something that seems natural an see why it seems naturalSociology is the study of the human societySociological imagination- coined by wright millsHelps us to :1. Connect our persona; experiences to society at large and greater historical forces2. make the familiar strange or to question habits or customs that seem natural to ussocial institutions are networks of structures in society that work to socialize the groups of people within themExamples :1. legal system2. the labor market3. educational system4. military, family and moreThe way individuals define themselves in relationships to groups they are part of or in relationship to groups they choose not to be a part of.Auguste comte – society is better understood by determining the logic or scientific laws governing human behavior called social physics or positivismHarriet Martineau- first to translate comte written works to English one of the earliest feminist social scientistKarl Marx- theory of historical materialism which identifies ;class conflict as the primary cause of social change.Max Weber- emphasis on subjectivity became a foundation of interpretive sociologyEmile Durkheim- founder of positivist sociology developed the theory that division of labor helps to determine how social cohesion is maintained or not maintained in that societyGeorg Simmel – formal sociology or a sociology pure numbers ( for instance, how a group of two is different than a group of three)Modern sociological theories:1. functionalism ( crime has purpose)2. Conflict theory( have and have nots )3. Feminist theory ( structured action)4. Symbolic interactionism( can blue be a car)5. Postmodernism ( media shaping reality)American sociologyEarly American sociology became prominent of the university of Chicago so the perspective that emerged became known as the Chicago schoolChicago thinkers1. Charles Horton Cooley2. George Herbert mead3. W.I. Thomas4. W.E.B. Dubois5. Jane AddamsThe Chicago school focused on empirical research with the belief that people behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environmentSociology focuses on1. Making comparison across case2. Finds patterns and create hypotheses3. Ask how societies work or have worked4. Looks at how individuals interact5. Looks at how groups interact with one another.Microsociology- understands local interactional contexts , focusing on face to face encounters and gathering data through participant observations and in depth interviewsMacrosociology- looks at social dynamics across whole societies or large parts of them and often relies on statistical analysis to do soMesosociology in betweenChapter 2Research methods - standard rules that social scientist follow when trying to establish a casual relationship between social elementsQuantitative methods- obtain information about the social world that is in or can be converted to numeric formQualitative methods – collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric formTwo research Approaches – deductive1. Starts with a theory2. Develops a hypothesis3. Makes empirical observations4. Analyze the data collected5. Confirmed reject or modify theoryInductive approach1. Starts with empirical observation2. Discovers working themes3. Works to rom a history4. Determines if a correlation exists by noticing if a change is observed in two things simultaneouslyInductive- global warming1. Data2. Analysis3. Findings4. Theory5. HypothesisDeductive- takes a theory and data and test them1. Theory2. Hypothesis3. Data4. Analysis5. FindingsCausality vs correlationCausality is the idea that a change in one factor (iv) results in a corresponding change in another factor (DV)3 criteria to prove causation1. correlation- variation among two variables2. temporal ordering – one variable comes before the other3. non- spurious Relationship – no alternative explanationsvariablesDependent variables DV- out come that a researcher is trying to explainIndependent variable IV- measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impact on the dependent variableModerating variable – variable effecting the relationship between IV and DVPopulation- group of individuals objects or items from which a sample can be drawnSample- subset of population data is being collected onOperationalization- precise measurement for measuring a term being studied ( friendship)Hypothesis – proposed relationship between two variablesTwo types of hypothesis- null hypothesis : no relationshipAlternative hypothesis : versus stated hypothesisValidity- data instrument measures what it’s suppose toReliability – likelihood of obtaining consistent resultsGeneralizability- findings can apply to a larger groupTypes of data collection1. Participant observation2. Interviews3. Survey research4. Historical methods5. Comparative research6. Experimentation7. Content analysis8. Ethnography9. Case studyResearchers must meet codified standards, which are set by professional associations academic institutions, or research centersGuard against any physical, emotional or psychological harmMust obtained informed consent and voluntary participationCulture can be loosely defined as a set of beliefs , traditions and practicesCulture = human – nature( nature world vs. human creation/ domination)Culture = superior man – inferior man ( different ways of living and ethnocentrism)Culture = man – machine ( industry/ production vs. intellection refinement)Material culture – everything that is a part of our constructed environmentNonmaterial culture – encompasses values beliefs, behaviors, and social norms ( ideology)Different cultureCultural relativism- idea that we should recognize differences without judgmentCultural scripts- modes of behavior/understanding that are not universalSubculture- group united by sets of concepts values and/or behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others.Culture reflects social structures and relationships- ex hi hop and rap music- country boyMarxist reflection theoryCulture objects reflect the material labor and production relationships that went into making themEx- limited liabilityEx- This classMedia are vehicles that carry present or communicative informationMass media is any form of media that reaches the mass of the peopleHegemony refers to the impact of media on culture and how people and societies shape and are shaped by the dominate culture ( video time and governing through