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ANTHROPOLOGY 2201 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE DOMESTICATION AND AGRICULTURE Domestication Substinence changes in the Holocene Climate Change and Culture 121 ya warming trend Holocence epoch o Animal and plant species started disappearing Need for readily available foods leads to domestication Agricultural Transition o Climate supports environment growth o More rapid horticulture changes New foods New Adaptations Sustenance patterns o Hunter gatherers to agriculturalists Farming for food and producing food Slow incorporation trial and error Organization of society Among the most important adaptive shifts in out evolution o Biologically and culturally made us who we are today Definitions of Agriculture Settlement community o Development of permanent villages Technology o Tools for daily tasks Domestication o Relationship between humans plants and animals Early Theory of Agriculture Lewis Henry Morgan o Progress cultural evolution o savagery to barbarianism removal of humans from nature value judgment motives o Co evolutionary process between plants animals and people o Biological theory Current Theory David Rhindos Adopting Agriculture Major centers of development o Middle East o North and Sounth China o Africa o The Andes o Central Mexico Diffusion in the other areas Domestication The change for the wild form Artificial selection by humans Domesticated Animals o Dogs 15 000 ya o 7 000 8 000 ya cats self domestication self domestication Goats sheep cattle pigs Meat milk wool tools Change in Diet o 12 000 ya less varied diet o Super foods Wheat corn barley and rice Today 2 3 of our calories and protein come from these cereal grains domesticated in the early Holocene Most consumed plant since domestication Rice Corn Next more consumed Spread of Agriculture o Diffusion out from primary centers Trade routes Cultural contact spread of knowledge Results of Domestication o Population growth Sedentation living in one place o Foundation for the rise of Complex societies Cities o Biological changes negative Increased sophisticated technology Changing face masticatory functional hypothesis Means there is less muscle from H E to H S Diet and Biology o Corn Lack nutrients Processing techniques Depletion of health Need to be supplemented Problematic when introduced to populations o Milk Milk sugars Dairy farming interacts with natural selection Adaptive trade off Environment Competition for resources development of organized warfare Increase population numbers increased environmental demands carrying capacity Environmental population o Soil and landscape degradation o Over hunting wolf key stone species Affects other species if hunter too much Biology Higher infection and parasites o Close living conditions Reduction in growth and development o Adult height o Vitamin definciencies More tooth defects o Linear enamel hypoplasia stress o Cavities and plaque Why practice agriculture What is the evolutionary advantage of farming given all its negatives o Increased fertility Its all about species survival Transition to Agriculture Fertile Crescent Subsistence changes in the Middle East Israel Jordan Turkey Syria Lebanon Iran and France Climate supports crop growth Gradual transition to agriculture o Nutufian o Early Neolithic o Late Neolithic Stage 1 Kebarun and Geometric Kebaron o 25 15 kya Hunter Gatherers o Highly mobile seasonal migration o Bladelet stone tools o No domestication yet o Ohalo Norther Israel Grass nuts perfectly preserved Burial with possible ritual feature Stage 2 The Nutufian 15 12 kya Sedentary Communities First permanent structures stone walls o Malloha North Israel 12 or more circular structures Still seasonal movement Younger Dryas event Little ice age o Global climate change o Fertile crescent climate stress Very quick changes Uninhabitable areas o Reduced nutrition populations Technology Lunate Blade lets o Harvesting wild grasses sickle polish Grinding stones o Materials from long distances Trade Domestication o Shell beads and sea shells No plant domestication Abu Hureyra Syria o Wild plant remains Varied diet o Domesticated dogs Change in morphology from wild form shorter snout Found in burials with humans Stage 3 Early Neolithic 12 000 8 500 ya o Climate change Two periods within early Neolithic Pre pottery Neolithic A End on younger Dryas event Pre pottery Neolithic B Climate improvement o Settlements Middens and storage pit frequent Communal structures Jerico Tower Jerf el Ahmar Syria Settlement planning A B Settlement size increase Proximity decreases close living More dense villages Need for institutional structures Issues of property rights o Technology Shirt from bladelets to arrowheads Manufactured blades Used as sickles Many grinding stones Ground stone axes Plaster B Line floors and ritual purposes o Ritual Birth of the gods Many symbolic artifacts Hidden rituals Plastered skulls Ancestor worship society cohesion Display rituals Jericho Tower large stone sculptures Rituals of daily life Ceramic figurines o Domestication A Evidence of harvesting wild plants Domesticated dogs B Plants Farming developed across Middle East Domesticated wheat barley pulses and legumes o Strong rachis Grains now ply and important role in diet Animals Sheep goats cattle and pigs Stage 4 Late Neolithic 8 500 7 000 ya o Changing settlements End of Early Neolithic Decline in number and size of sites Site abandonment Human induced ecological crisis o Environmental degradation Shift to herding animals o Settlement and Rituals Some less dense communities Other continue dense living conditions Catalhoyuk Turkey 9 000 8 000 ya Very densely populated Wall art ritual space o Hand prints o Technology Development of pottery Cooking pots jars bowls Made by hand Many earlier stone tool types abandoned Sickles and simple stone tools used o Domestication Decline in hunting for subsistence Increase in domesticated goats Continue to harvest previously domesticated plants Wheat barley Legumes and Pulses Important points Slow shift to agriculture in the Middle East o Once the shift has happened it took off Natufian Early Neolithic o Small permanent settlements o A community planning and monumental architecture o B Increased density with plan and animal domestication Late Neolithic o Pottery decrease in population density AGRICULTURE IN EUROPE Agriculture in Europe Spread from Middle East to Europe o No indigenous plants cultivated Dramatic reorganization of local societies 8 500 ya Southeastern Europe 7 500 ya


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OSU ANTHROP 2201 - EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE

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