Human Development Exam 2 Cognitive Development Definition Changes in thinking and reasoning o Ex Language thought memory imagination Theories A Piaget Theory of Genetic Epistemology Adaption managing new information o Assimilation using existing knowledge to understand new information Ex calling a zebra a horse with white strips sippy cup to straws o Accommodation creating new knowledge to understand new information Ex calling a zebra a zebra straw to cup B Vygotsky Socio cultural development o Knowledge acquired through social interaction with the world Scaffolding structured support for learning Private speech transferring knowledge from world to mind by talking to self Zone of proximal development difference between what can be done or is known and what can be done or known with help C Information Process The ability to process new information Computer is used as an analogy o Ex Hardware brain like attention memory o Development is a function of processing speed efficiency and capacity 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Kids require knowledge about the world differently 1 Sensorimotor 0 2 years o o Acquires multiple perspectives Learning through senses and motor skills 2 Preoperational 2 6 years Egocentrism o o Acquires multiple perspectives 3 Concrete Operations 6 12 years Loss of egocentrism o o Acquires logic thought about concrete problems 4 Formal Operations 12 years Thinks symmetrically o o Acquires abstract thought and logic Memory Retaining and recalling past experience Basic Processes Encoding transferring information into memory o Storage marinating the information over time o o Retrieval recovering information from memory Recognition assisted recovery of past information Recall unassisted recovery of past information Modal Model of Memory Sensory memory o Unlimited capacity o Brief duration Short term memory o o Limited capacity 7 2 Long term memory o Unlimited capacity o Unlimited duration Storing Memories Scripts memory for event sequence ex Eating at a restaurant Schemas memory for category Ex Birds chairs racial profile Implicit Memories unconscious o H M Clive Wearing Memento Explicit Memories conscious Semantic facts capitol of Al o Procedural how tie shoes o Episodic events birthday party o o Autobiographical personal life story Infinite amnesia poor retention of early personal memories Memory Problems Infantile Amnesia Theory of mind immature understanding the mind o Sense of self immature sense to self o o Narrative ability poor story telling False Memories Source Monitoring Suggestibility o o Forgetting Eyewitness Testimony o Witnesses interviewed 10 times before trial 100 children testify in a case annually o Memory is efficient but inaccurate EX Flashbulb memories Intelligence Difficult to define Planning Allows o o Abstract Thinking o Reason o o Problem Solving Learning o Ability o Achievement o Aptitude Theories Language often correlates with intelligence 3 A s Multiple component models o General intelligence Specific skills Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner o Verbal o Mathematical o Musical o Art o o o o Interpersonal social Intrapersonal personality Spatial Physical athletics No intelligence 1 2 IQ Intelligence Quotient DQ Development Quotient Mental Age chronological age X 100 Standardized WAIS WISC WIPSI IQ scores are relatively stable over time Factors that affect IQ Genetics o o o Identical twins reared together Identical twins reared apart Fraternal twins siblings SES Income and Education Cultural Majority Malnutrition Representation Mental Representation Symbolic representation Example of Representation 1 thing represents another Written and spoken language Images videos and maps Gestures signs numbers Language Development Language is how we communicate meaning Spoken Written Gestures Nonverbal Babies get a lot of support Language Milestones Babies Crying birth Cooing and babbling 2 4 months Comprehending words 6 10 months Producing gestures 6 10 months Producing words 10 15 months o Over extension use words too badly o Under extension use words to narrowly Vocabulary explosion 16 24 months At 50 words Naming insight Fast mapping very fast word learning Combining words 20 26 months o Telegraphic speech short high content words Mental counterpart to something in the world Language in the Brain Broca s Area language production Wernickle s Area language comprehension Other language disorder o Dyslexia o o Stuttering Lisps Dual Representation Theory of Mind Understanding how the mind works Preschool have limited understanding o 3 year olds know Representing both concrete and abstract features of an object or event Only humans think Thinking involves brain Seeing and touching are not thinking o 3 year olds don t know How much thinking happens When it happens How to tell what someone is thinking about False Beliefs Mental States Knowing that another person holds a false belief Intentions 18 month old understands intent Desires understands desire Beliefs toddlers expect people to act on beliefs Wishing 4 6 year olds thinks wishing works Magic Fantasy believing in Santa Clause Imagination Imaginary friends Pretend using real things in a make believe way Dreaming o Must Understand Intent Knowledge Not real Self imitated Naive Theories Animacy Biology Physics Math Death Concepts Categories o Artifact obvious properties o Natural Kind non obvious properties o Nominal Kind Defining or essential features Probabilistic Prototype School Preschool o Ages 3 5 years old o NAEYC improving the well being of children o Curriculums Montessori self directed learning where the teacher is facilitator Head Start Government program provided to children of low income families Skills social cognitive physical development Classroom based approach for 4 5 year olds o o Pre K Initiative Kindergarten First year at a formal school o o Academic skills reading writing math Elementary School o 1st 6th grades 6 11 years old 3 year old draw shapes 5 year olds write letters name School Skills Drawing o Writing o Reading o o Schools Public Schools Public money o o Mandated regulations Charter Schools o o Magnet Schools o o Private Schools Public money Independent regulations Public money Independent regulations Boarding Schools Homeschooling o o o 1M 2 US students Schooling Gifted intellectually gifted Special needs Emotion Emotions are internal states Special education Learning disability Mostly human Valence positive negative Temporary Context Facial Expressions behaviors Basic