AdolF11 Dr Dickson Textbook Study Questions Chs 4 6 General Tips You do not need to know info pertaining to Emerging Adulthood Ch 4 Self What are the different dimensions of self understanding and how do they typically differ in adolescence as compared to childhood Self esteem vs self concept Self esteem the global evaluative dimension of the self self worth self image Self concept domain specific evaluations of the self ex Having good self concept for athletics but not for academics How does self esteem change over the lifespan Fluctuates over life span decreases in adolescence increases in the twenties leveled off in the thirties rose in the forties through the mid sixties and then dropped in the seventies and eighties What is the strongest predictor of self esteem in adolescents Harter s research Physical attractiveness What role do parents and peers play in shaping self esteem Parents shape it through decision making and quality time communicating with family Peers judge throughout adolescence How can we improve adolescents self esteem 1 identify the causes of low self esteem 2 provide emotional support and social approval 3 foster achievement 4 help adolescents to cope How do contemporary views of identity development differ from Erikson s Contemporary views of identity development suggest it is a lengthy process and is more gradual and less tragic than Erikson s term crisis implies Begins in infancy with attachment the development with a sense of self and the emergence of independence Ends with a life review and integration in old age Does not mean identity will be stable open to change Erikson says choices reflect the desire to achieve a meaningful identity by being true to oneself rather than burying one s identity in the larger society What are the criticisms of Marcia s approach to identity AdolF11 Dr Dickson It distorts and overly simplifies Erikson s concepts of crisis and commitment It reduces Erikson s complex questions to whether a youth has though about certain issues and considered the alternatives What concepts have been introduced to build on or extend Marcia s concepts 1 exploration in depth gathering info and talking to others about current commitments 2 identification with commitment the degree of security and certainty that someone experiences in regard to current commitments 3 ruminative excessive exploration how identity exploration can sometimes be too distressful and possible produce depression What aspects of parenting style are related to identity development in adolescents Democratic parents encourage adolescents to participate in family decision making and have been found to foster identity achievement Autocratic parents control adolescents behavior and do not let them have their own opinions encourage identity foreclosure and discourage identity exploration How does ethnic identity change with age Increases with age How does ethnic identity relate to self esteem Minority students who got through and resolved issues involving their ethnicity had higher self esteem and those who did not had low self esteem How does ethnic identity change over generations First generation immigrants are likely to be secure in their identities and not change much Second generation immigrants most likely to think they re American because it is what is granted at birth If an ethnic minority chooses to stay home and take on responsibilities for the family they will have a stronger ethnic identity In contrast if an ethnic minority goes away to college they will have mixed feelings about their origin of ethnicity compared to the mainstream culture they live in such as America They will most likely identity themselves as both How does emotionality change from childhood to adolescence Emotions may seem out of proportion to an event Adolescents may have many more emotions and are more mood and changeable Although also in adolescence they become aware of these emotional cycles are better at coping with feelings and are aware that covering up some emotions is important Also they are better able to communicate their feelings increased cognitive abilities awareness What causes this change Adolescent adulthood moods become less extreme and adaptation to hormone levels and maturation of prefrontal cortex What are the Big 5 factors of personality and which one has been implicated as a predictor of adjustment and competence in adolescence 1 openness to experience 2 conscientiousness big indicator of adjustment and competence higher grades better interpersonal relationships lower substance abuse problems lived longer through childhood and late adulthood AdolF11 Dr Dickson 3 extraversion 4 agreeableness 5 neuroticism How stable is personality Personality changes more in adolescence than in adulthood but still shows some stability in some traits such as aggression dominance dependency sociability and shyness Know the new classification framework for temperament Mary Rothbart and John Bates 1 Positive Affect and Approach this category is much like the personality trait of extraversion and introversion 2 Negative Affectivity this involves being easily distressed Kids with this may cry or fret a lot and are closely related to having personality traits of introversion and neuroticism emotional instability 3 Effortful Control Self Regulation ability to control ones emotions High in effortful control and are able to regulate their emotions adolescents with high effortful control keep them from getting too high or low while adolescents with low effortful control show an inability to control their arousal and become easily emotional Ch 5 Gender Understand the difference between sex and gender Sex having a penis or vagina Gender characteristics of people as males or females In what ways do parents influence the gender development of their adolescents Parents allow boys more independence than girls and monitor girls more closely because of their sexual vulnerability Many parents believe that math is more important to their son s future than to their daughters Know the difference between Social Role theory and Social Cognition theory of gender Social role theory gender differences mostly result from the contrasting roles of females and males with females having less power and status and controlling fewer resources than males AdolF11 Dr Dickson Social cognition theory of gender children s adolescents gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior as well as by