Intro: Range, Logic, Ethics, D/-DBeliefsDoctrineAristotleIntro: Range, Logic, Ethics, D/-Di. Greatest pupil of Platoii. Tall in physique and knowledgeiii. When Plato died, academy wasn't left to Aristotle, as predicted, but Plato's nephew Caused start of his own school, Phaliciumiv. Father of "Formal Logic" Unchallenged up until 19th centuryv. Left no writings of his ownvi. Range as thinker is tremendous [logic, drama/art, architecture, etc.]vii. 3rd man argument - always something lurking behind other 2 itemsBeliefsi. All of Plato's dualism rejected by Aristotleii. Only 1 world - material worldiii. Only 1 way of learning - senses Open eyes --> lead to truthiv. Mind/soul integrated with soul Only 1 life Much more holistic view of human naturev. Infinite regress (rejects)vi. Move in direction of speculationvii. Utter empiricistviii. All knowledge comes through sensesDoctrinei. Holomorphic Composition of Substances Central thought Essence of thing is with the thing (Aristotle) vs. Essence of thing not within the thing (Plato) Through science and observation is how we arrive at good philosophy Chief task of philosophy is to find the essence of everything Believes in the shape and logic of things Believes form [logic of a thing and material of thing]/matter/material of thing are always united Brings Plato's WOF to earth and say essences are forms in thingsii. 4 causes [everything in front of you, get a 4 causes (4 explanations)]Formal - Most important question- What is it?Material - the way we get formal - What is it a type/made of?Efficient- Who produced them?Final- What is its purpose? (Telos) Purpose of thing is what it isiii. Directed at question of change *important for Aristotle's thoughts* Thinks off of biological model Telos is to become paradoxically what it is; final cause Purpose of human being to be rational; to be the real us Good place to start follow Aristotle's philosophy This is what we see in nature: Potential to actually become something; when we do reach it, we have actualized; paradox is that we must desire to be what we want to become/we already have to be what we want to be in order to become Become what it essentially isiv. Categories *Metaphysics of Aristotle* Ask the right question, put in correct category Help explain all relations between things Need to know what it is Answer these questions can you will understand all causal effect on things Substance- Ex: What is Socrates? A human Quantity- Ex: One human Location (where within self or place)- Ex: Socrates in jail Time (When?)- Ex: In jail after trial Action- Ex: Socrates drinking hemlock Passion (what is being done to it?)- Ex: Socrates is being asked questions Posture, etc. Push/pull each otherv. Golden Mean Virtue is a mean between two extremes Having a good sense of humor 2 extremes of humor Boorish - nothing funny Buffoonery - everything funny- Aristotle believes that everything isn't funny- Points in life where it isn't funny Need a balance between two extremes called wit Live a virtuous life and have courage- 2 extremes:1. Courage2. Fearvi. Depends on the person; what may be easy for another, may not be easy for youvii. The risk is not taking a riskviii. Should be characterized by rational thought; use to find the mean between extremesix. Ideally, the end goal/purpose of life is to achieve happiness in a certain way; eudemonia (translation: joy/static joy)x. How do you get there? The goal in life is not pleasure or happiness; paradox of happiness/pleasure is the more we try to pursue it, the less we're going to achieve itxi. The good life is quiet contemplation and the presence of friendship and virtuexii. Quiet contemplation - need time to think and think deeply with own mind just as intellect, but in making your life better as a person Keep out noise and chitter chatter/trivial tingsxiii. Friendship - 3 typesFriendship of Pleasure: nature of friendship is pleasure- Self gratification- Not the highest type of love- Form easy; dissolve quicklya. Ex: one night stand- No longer pleasing because no funFriendship of Utility: nature of friendship is usefulness- If your useful to me and vice versa, then we'll be friends- Serves individual purpose- Forms easily, but can dissolve quickly/readilya. Ex: Business relationships- Aren't bad; needed for society- Love shared is love for self and love for self for other person; self-oriented loveFriendship of Virtue: nature of friendship is love for each other- Love for each other even when not pleasing- Aristotle says what you want in life- Unconditional live- Gapé love (selfless love)- Doesn't get rid of Eros (erotic love) or F.O. Utility- Have a handful of these types in a lifetime is rare, but once formed, very strong- Once achieved, may be living good life- Measure you worth and stick with you- You will never live a good life if the people around you do not appreciate the excellence that is your