Key Terms Gagaku o Means elegant or refined music o perhaps the oldest ensemble music o It is the instrumental and choral music and dance that has been under the continual patronage of the imperial court for more than a thousand years o Influenced by the ancient music of china korea and Sinicized indian music it has been carefully transmitted by generations of court guild musicians to the present day and is perhaps the oldest ensemble music in the world o It is also used to accompany dance in this role is it called baguka o Gagaku was first initiated in the Nara Period 533 749 the first major historical period in japan during which the Japanese struggled to establish a national government modeled after the Chinese government of that time o Gagaku music was extremely popular in the Heian court Not only was it a necessary component of all court ceremonies but it was also practiced by the court nobles themselves o The Imperial court music of Japan performed in the imperial court of Kyoto o Comes in three primary parts Native Shinto religious music and folk songs and dance called kuniburi no A Goguryeo and Manchurian form called komagaku named for Koma one of for several centuries utamai the Three Kingdoms And A Chinese and South Asia form specifically Tang Dynasty called t gaku In the ninth century a standard gagaku orchestra was created under order of the emperor and a repertory of two main categories was standardized Ma space interval o the relationship between sound and silence in music o can roughly be translated as a gap or the space between two structural o can be seen in architecture the Nara capital parts Togaku o Is repertory and includes music of Chinese and Indian origin o music of the left o it is one of the two main categories of repretroy of gagaku music Komagakku o includes music of Korean and Manchurian origin o music of the right o one of two main categories of repertory of gagaku music Zen buddihism o One of two main religions in Japan o emphasizes the attainment of enlightenment and the personal expression of direct insight consists of o mu emptiness nothingness o mujo impermanence o ma space interval Noh Theater o art of the samurai theater o shite waki o dans o aesthetics runway backboards tableau o A major form of classical Japanese musical drama that has been performed since the 14th century o Many characters are masked with men playing male and female roles o Traditionally a Noh performance day lasts all day and consists of five Noh plays interspersed with shorter humorous ky gen pieces o Present day Noh performances often consist of two Noh plays with one Ky gen play in between o Emphasis on tradition and not innovation o Art of the Samurai o 5 parts DANS in a Noh play Act I DAN 1 Introduction DANS I IV exposition of the shite s spirit DAN V shite transformed o Tableau silent depiction of a scene using highly symbolic gestures o Hashigakari runway o Hayashi flute and drum ensemble mu a Japanese Zen Buddhist concept sometimes translated nothingness George Lucas and star wars o costumes staging and dialogue very similar o slow serious dialogue o characters pause in a symbolic pose o ma o Borrows a lot of themes from Japanese theatre especially from Akiro Kurosawa o Similar costumes Darth Vader s helmet mask of Darth Maul costume of Storm Troopers o slow serious dialogue o Character pause in a symbolic pose mujo o impermanence o expresses the Buddhist notion that all of conditioned existence without exception is in a constant state of flux The Samari o 14th 17th C in Japan o the elite warrior class of Japan also literati Shite and Waki o shite sh tay masked main actor o waki secondary actor Toru Takemitsu o self taught Japanese film composer o mixed Western film music and Japanese classical music Akiro Kurosawa best known Japanese film director of 20th Century o popularized samurai o Best known Japanese film maker in the 20th century o George Lucas borrowed a lot of themes from his movies o Made use of Noh stage staging in his films o used noh stage staging in film o worked with Takemitsu on Ran Phonograph o record player or gramophone o Introduced in 1877 for the recording and reproduction of sound recordings o Invented by Thomas Edison Phonograph parlors o 1889 first parlor in San Francisco o Cost a nickel would use headphones to listen to the song Foreign and ethnic records o Immigrant boom 1865 1917 o First decade of 1900s record industry produces foreign records for this market o Foreign records before WWI o Music outside of the Western classical influence o Sold in the basement of a furniture store o Ethnic Records after WWI o Expand for more of a folk touch o Blues music Irish or Polish immigrant groups o The Phonograph and Race Records o Example Jazz Blues Hillbilly records Appalachian o Very first country album record in the 1920s o 1920s beginning of race records o Okeh label o Mamie Smith 1920 record You Can t Keep a Good Man Down o Exploitative arrangements between record companies and singers o Especially recorded female Blues artists race records o 1920s o Okeh label o Mamie Smith 1920 record You Can t Keep a Good Man Down o Exploitative arrangements between record companies and singers especially the female Blues artist Gypsies move around constantly nomadic o Always moving constantly from town to town o Prior to 1950 a lot of gypsies were illiterate oral culture o Pass down history through song Who are the Travellers Sub group of gypsies o Roma left northern India 1 000 years ago o Travellers members of an ancient metalworking class Celtic bards Medieval tinsmiths tinkers People of Highland clearances or the Irish potato famine o Nomadic historically illiterate known for their expressive culture storytelling music crafts etc an oral culture o Loosely termed gypsies and tinkers in Scotland o Consist of a number of diverse unrelated communities with groups speaking a variety of different languages and holding to distinct customs histories and traditions Stereotypes o Thieves o They ll fight you Commodification Cultural Transmission Means of transmission is oral they were not really literate o refers to Celtic Music genre o Riverdance o Commercialization of Celtic Identity Celtic spirituality New Age mood music o Soundtracks Titanic Braveheat The Piano Lord of the Rings Trilogy Enya o collective virtual identity Uillean pipes o Irish instrument o uillean means elbow o bagpipes of Ireland o no need to blow air which helps counteract moisture and