Its location Effort to regain lost power and territory 1756 1763 7 Years war 1870 s losses of Franco Prussian war ASH1044 10 26 11 Imperialism based on the 3 Cs David Livingston Civilizing mission o Extension of Social Darwinism Commerce Christianity o It s about greed o Vehicle to support the White Man s Burden France s experience in Africa motivated by 2 things o Part of the Mandate system French Imperialism Syria Lebanon Algeria Tunisia Morocco 2 different approaches British Imperialism o Decentralized tried to leave local traditions in place o More paternalistic relationship w her colonies o Ultimately wanted to give colonies a chance at self government French Imperialism o Centralized reflective of Napoleonic Code o Intended to teach the natives to be French o Goal was to assimilate into French culture o Wanted to integrate the colonies into its empire indefinitely The western style for dominating and restructuring the Orient Sorenson Orientalism How o Visually o Academically o Imperially French in the Middle East and N Africa Timeline 1586 1635 French religious orders in Lebanon 1830 French invade Algiers 1881 French occupy Tunisia 1912 Treaty of Fez Morocco 1916 Sykes Picot Agreement result of WWI 1920 San Remo Conference Result of WWI 1923 1946 French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon 1956 Tunisian and Moroccan Independence 1962 Algerian independence Algeria 1500 1800 o Corsairs French in Algeria 1830 1962 Fly Whisk Incident Algerian Dey swats French Consult o Charles X wants apologize blockade French take over Algeria 1830 1847 o Abd Al Qader 1st nationalist 1848 considered an integral part of France w 3 departments 1871 rebellion o Harsh retribution by French series of decrees that deprive Algerians from being citizen of France Resulted in 1 mil Acres of land being taken by French and sold to European settlers Broke Sufi brotherhoods Both considered Protectorates French did not extend citizenship to Tunisia or Morocco o Local ruling families stay in power France needed a buffer for Algeria so Invaded o Tunisia in 1881 o Morocco in 1912 Algeria in 20th C Migration Algeria France during WWI o 76 000 Algerians go to work in French factories By 1950 o 600 000 Algerians in France o 173 000 Algerians serving in French army 1954 formation of FLN national liberation front The beginning of the end in Algeria 1954 FLN Uprising Philippville Massacre 1955 Collective responsibility 1 person found guilty rest of community punished Regroupement program 1957 1960 Population put in camps Charles De Gaulle leader of France Charles De Gaulle I have understood you Sought to exit Algeria but also to save face Survived assassination attempts by radical Pieds Noir group OAS The end WWI 1962 Evian Accords 1 million French left Algeria o Independence declared July 3 1962 Bloodless coup in 1965 o Ben Bella exiled leader after independence o Replaced by Houari Boumediene The sick man of Europe starts to fall apart due to External pressures Internal division Economic weakness Reform upheaval WWI comes along 1914 1918 June 28 1914 o Franz Ferdinand Alliance system Ottomans joined central b c Hated Russia End capitulations German influence o Allies entente Russia Britain France US o Central powers Austria Hungary Germany Bulgaria ottoman empire Transformational Ottoman empire gone New countries and mandates in middle east League of nations created Sick man of Europe Gallipoli April 1915 jan 1916 central power victory Mustafa Kumal Kut al Amara Dec 1915 april 1016 major defeat for entente Most abject capitulation for middle east Husayn McMahon correspondence Sherif Husayn of Mecca Henry McMahon British high commissioner in Egypt Promise anything to get Ottomans out of war Went to sherif husayn get to revolt against ottomans Conflicting views concerning what was promised to Arabs Francois Georges Picot spheres of influence French get s e turkey n Iraq and Syria British get s Iraq Egypt and Palestine Only area to arabs is empty desert of Arabian peninsula Conflicted w McMahon s promises Balfour declaration 1917 All arabs oppose except Fizel because he stands to gain Sykes Picot agreement 1916 Mark Sykes Diplomacy It all comes tumbling down For ottomans o Disease famine starvation o Internal dissension Armenian genocide 1915 1923 Peace Woodrow Wilson 14 points o Self determination Treaty of San Remo april 1920 o Mandate sytem Britain and france bring them up to point of self governing British get Iraq Palestine France gets Syria lebanon Treaty of Sevres aug 1920 formal renouncement of ottoman claims to arab lands Treaty of Lausanne july 1923 renegotiated sevres Mustafa Kemal abolishes office of caliph and sultan Allowed for Turkey to escape pay for war reparations Internationalized Bosporus Repatriation o ottomans o Results no war reparations for turkey no capitulations internationalized Bosporus forcible repatriation of populations Ottoman empire dismantled Middle east doesn t trust entente powers Mandate system o Turkey Conclusion 10 31 11 Themes Nationalism Reform Internal dissent What is nationalism o Race south Africa before apartheid o Ethnicity Russia Kurds o Religion Israel Islamic republic of Iran o Language French o Location USA o Shared history Switzerland In Middle East State is not required for a nation to survive Kurds Jews Berbers Strong man is helpful Anti something is helpful Then must reform to make change permanent prove the difference All nations in MENA hoping for Independence Nationalism is a feeling of affiliation b t members of a certain group and can be based on Sovereignty Fiscal security Periods in the ME 1920 1950 Big Man nationalism 1950 1970 Arab Nationalism 1970 present Internally focused o Islamism vs secularism o Democracy vs dictatorship o Participation vs exclusion 3 contexts Ataturk s Turkey Reza Shah s Iran Ibn Saud s Saudi Arabia Nationalism In Turkey Grows out of o Ottoman nationalism o Young Turk movement o WWI wins and losses o The will of Mustafa Kemal Rise of Mustafa Kemal Inspirational Young Turk Gallipoli War of Independence 1919 1922 1923 1938 president of Turkey But war of Turkish independence or Grekko turkish war Greek invasion 1923 Lausanne conference nov 1922 july 1923 Renegotiation of conditions of Sevres Kemal abolishes office of sultan Move capital to Ankara 4 results How to build new national identity Republicanism Nationalism identity is Turkish secular Populism equality under law for all classes Etatism statism least successful of 6 principles State