ASH1044 10 5 11 Baybars 1260 1277 Mongols Invade Hulegu Khan Il Khanids Consolidated control over Levant Alliances w Aragon Russia Italy Byzantines Economically controlled trade routes Controlled pilgrimage route servant of the two holy cities Controlled trade routes Damascus end of Silk Road o 1258 Baghdad o 1260 Battle of Ayn Jalut victory for Mamluks Loss for Mongols Founded by Hulegu d 1265 Became persianized Religiously tolerant Sufi thought poetry flourishes o Rumi and Hafiz Imposed legal NOT cultural authority 10 7 11 End of Mamluks Shift from ability to favoritism High taxes turned people against them Decline in rigorous training of mamluks Mamluks introduced b c sultan didn t trust his noble members didn t want bad advice Shift in European trade routes Black Death New technology leads to imperialism Gunpowder Empires o Ottomans Anatolia o Safavids Persia o Mughals India Muslim dynasty but not M E 3 themes Imperialism Ottomans Safavids BUT ALSO british and French Creation of unequal economic cultural and territorial relationships b t states and often in the form of an empire based on domination and subordination Colonization is physical takeover presence of territory imperialism not physically in area Connection BEYOND Middle East Ottoman Empire controls Balkans N Af regions of Europe Orientalism Edward Said Feminizing the Orient wrote Orientalism Feminization idea that men were overpowering men were subordinate Way that Arabs were portrayed used to dictate policy o Building o Battle of Karlowitz 1699 ottomans defeated 2nd time at gates of Vienna Ottoman Empire 1281 1918 13th 16th C 15th 18th C 18th 20th C o Pinnacle Heyday o Sick Man of Europe Osman Ottomans came from family of Osman 4 Power Bases of Ottoman Empire Military Religious Political Economic The Bases start to change o Sufi close alliance b t Sufi and Ottomans o Sultan office power broker o Succession o Ghazi Warriors tribal armies fought in name of Islam Feudal fighting for a lord iqta land grant No national standing army Weak authority dissolves to local lords o Conquering Reroute trade networks into Anatolia and Levant suffer in Red Sea and Gulf Bayezid I 1389 1402 Son of famous Ottoman Leader Murad I father Defeated Christian Serbs at Kosovo 1398 Father dies in battle of Kosovo kill of siblings common in O E for leadership Devshirme system Ottomans go into Christian areas and select young boys to be slave soldiers Similar to Mamluks o Janisseries slave soldier but got salary and retirement Could rise to be powerful figures grand viziers etc good opportunity for Christian families to get children in powerful position Converted to Islam Free sultan of influence of feudal nobles around him Eventually outlawed b c of their children loss of loyalty toward sultan Different from ghazi very first standing armies in Muslim world o Harem forbidden b c its special Forbidden to outsiders for women of empire Political dealings by powerful women marriages arranged Timur the Lame Tamerlane Mongol descendant found Mughals in India Expands power to Afhanistan takes Bayezid s wife prisoner Mehmet Mehmed II 1451 1480 The Conqueror Succession Constantinople 1453 Istanbul 1930 s name change Able to get around Bosporus chain blocking Golden Horn to get into Constantinople 10 10 11 Siege of Constantinople 1453 1 month Naval Land Good Effects of Mehmet II s reign Bad o Succession Selim I The Grim Military expands further o Money o Stability o Power Dragoman greeks translator First consuls embassies o 1512 Battle of Chalderon Chaldiron used gunpowder Vs Safavids used swords Safavid Shia shah loses Iraq and eastern Anatolia Ethnic cleansing o 1514 Battle of Marj Dabiq Vs Mamluks Near Syria Ottoman s control Jerusalem and mecca and medina o Combined Sultan and Caliph o Change of religious base Shift from Sufism to sunnism Suleiman I The Magnificent The Lawgiver 1520 1566 Ottomans more than double terrain west asia eastern Europe med islands Military o Vienna 1529 o Engage pirates Barbarossa Work as liaison between north Africa and enemies on Mediterranean Political change o Diwan divan cabinet that helps in government Consultations etc o Millet nation Confessional communities religious communities Self governed Muslim courts rule interreligious cases ex Jewish and Muslim Legal framework Armenian orthodox Greek orthodox patriarch oversees community Jewish rabbi oversees community Religion o Shari a Law Building programs o Sinan architect Kuliyes mosque complex includes school o Hagia Sophia Safavid Empire 1502 1736 Safavid Kings 2 major kings Ismail I 1502 1524 Abbas I The Great 1587 1629 Originate in Azerbaijan Safavid Bases of Power 1501 1736 Military Religious Political Economic o Kizilbash equivalent to Ghazi warriors redhead headgear o Sufi Safavids started Sufi path tarika o Shah Persian for king traced back to Sassanids o Trade Silk Road Shah Isma il 1494 1524 Aligned w Sufi then Shi a claimed to be Mahdi Fearlessness in combat Unite Persian and Turkish Embrace Shi a version of Islam Groundwork for future of government Founder of dynasty Qizilbash o B of Chalderon loses 12er Shi ism Sassanid ancestry Bureaucracy Results of Isma il s Rule o Authority o Physical boundaries most capital from Tabriz to Esfahan Afghanistan 1601 against Bahrain Gunpowder to Iran to counter supremacy o Military new system gives Qizilbash Iqta land Provide soldiers to shah Land becomes hereditary passed down to children of Qiz Shah creates Ghulam b c afraid Qiz To powerful Slave soldiers Alliances Good Bad o Empire o Bureaucracy o Longevity o War o Son 10 yr old succeeds Shah Abbas 1587 1629 came to power at 16 yrs Challenges 1598 Herat 1601 Bahrain 16222 Hormuz 1623 Baghdad o Administration o External threats End of Safavids 1629 1736 Disunified Decentralized Weak Shi a admin Small Nader Shah r 1736 1747 Napoleon of Persia 2nd alexander Drove out afghans Deposed last members of Safavid dynasty Shift away from Shiism Assassinated 1747 empire collapses 10 14 11 European powers the eastern question what to do w territories fallen off of Ottoman Empire Czarist Russia o Needed a warm water port o Wanted to rule Istanbul o Pan Slavism defenders of other Slavic groups o Leadership of Orthodox Christianity o The Crimean War 1854 1856 end w treaty of Paris ottomans and Russia o Russo Turkish War 1877 1878 end w treaty of Sanstephano brought Russians close to Istanbul increases presence of Russians in region Great powers upset france GB Treaty of Berlin 1878