Psychology of Criminal Behavior Exam #2 Readings SummariesTemperament and Psychopathy: A Dual Pathway Model – Fowles & Dindo- Psychopathy = pattern of chronic antisocial behavior & personality features- Historically, deficit seen as low reactivity to fear- Temperament deficit identified – poor emotional & behavioral control- Suggests multifactorial developmental pathways from childhood to adult psychopathy- Low fear associated only with Factor 1- Factor 2 = associated with a deficit in a cognitive processing system in the PFC- Temperamental risk factorso Low fear/anxietyo High anger/irritabilityo Strong approach behavior in response to rewardso Low reactive inhibitory controlo Weak regulation or effortful control- Risk factors + environment  psychopathyo Psychopathy = developmental outcomePsychopathic Personality – Corsini- Psychopathy characterized by distinctive emotional, interpersonal, and behavioral features- Antisocial personality disorder = similar, but has limited coverage of affective/interpersonal features- Origins of psychopathy – Pinel (French physician)o Manie sans delire – “insanity without delirium”o Impulsively violent individuals who appeared otherwise sound in mind- Mask of Sanity – Cleckleyo Modern conceptualizationso Deep-rooted emotional pathology masked by an outward appearance of robust mental health, but revealed over timeo Harm caused = byproduct of their shallow nature- PCL-R – Hareo Interview based inventory for assessing psychopathy as described by Cleckleyo Includes affective-interpersonal & behavioral deviancy, but leaves out the positive adjustment features (absence of nervousness & anxiety/mood disorder)o Developed to index psychopathy as a unitary syndrome Has distinctive item subsets (Factor 1 & Factor 2)- Cleckley saw psychopaths as bold & disinhibited- Modern picture = psychopaths as mean & disinhibited- Self-report measures used to assess psychopathy in noncriminal sampleso Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) 2 uncorrelated factors PPI-1: Dominance, stress-immunity, fearlessness (BOLDNESS)- PCL-R factor 1 = MEANNESS1Psychology of Criminal Behavior Exam #2 Readings Summaries PPI-2: Impulsivity & aggressiveness- Psychopathy in children & adolescentso Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) Kids aged 6-13 w/ behavioral problems Modeled after the PCL-R 20 items completed by parents/teachers Callous-Unemotional (CU) factor Impulsive/Conduct Problems (I/CP) Indexes meanness & disinhibition- Differing causal factors underlying disinhibition versus boldness/meannesso Higher brain system impairments (PFC/ACC)  disinhibitiono Deviations in responses of lower brain structures  boldnesso Low dispositional fear + environmental influences (ex: abuse)  meanness- Successful psychopaths – boldnesso Aspects of psychopathy that may be consistent with/contribute to success in societyIdentifying Psychopathy Subtypes on the Basis of Personality Structure – Hicks, Markon,Patrick, Kreuger, Newman- Study sought to identify subtypes of psychopaths on the basis of differences in basic dimensions of personality  generate hypotheses relating to possible etiological differences- Typological approaches – primary vs. secondary psychopatho Primary psychopath = antisocial behaviors motivated by a lack of conscience Weak behavioral inhibition system  fearless temperamento Secondary psychopath = neurotic conflict Overactive behavioral activation system  impulsivityo Empirically supported by cluster analytic techniques- Current study – personality-based approach to differentiate psychopaths using model-based cluster analysis- Hypothesis – best fitting model would contain 2 clusters:o One low in trait anxiety (resembling the primary psychopath)o Another high on anxiety, impulsivity, aggression (resembling secondary psychopath)- Participants = prisonerso Assessed using the PCL-R (psychopathy) & MPQ-BF (personality)- Resultso Emotionally Stable Psychopaths (primary/“classic”) psychopath) Low Stress Reaction*, Social Closeness, Harm Avoidance High Social Potency, Achievement, Alienation High PEM-agency Higher IQ Higher on Socialization (So) scale Planful, sensation-seeking, fearless2Psychology of Criminal Behavior Exam #2 Readings Summaries Immune to negative events, socially dominant, lacking close attachments, prone to take risks Extreme behavioral deviance in the presence of a superficially normal social presentation Acts of fraud & instrumental violenceo Aggressive Psychopaths (secondary psychopath) High Aggression*, Social Potency, Stress Reaction, Alienation Low Well-being, Social Closeness, Control, Harm Avoidance, Traditionalism High NEM Low CON & PEM-communal Earlier age of first criminal charge Life course persistent offender More alcohol & drug use problems More fights in childhood/adulthood Lower IQ Psychological maladjustment of the undercontrolled/externalizing variety Easily upset, responds readily with aggressive action, view the world as populated by potential enemies Disinhibited & uncontrolled, lacking close relationships Impulsive violent actso Group differences in Socialization scale & Welsh Anxiety Scale (WAS)  validity of psychopathy subtypesA Study of Anxiety in the Sociopathic Personality – Lykken- Sociopathic Personalityo Impulsiveness, antisocial tendencies, immorality, self-destructive failure to modify this pattern of behavior in spite of repeated painful consequences- Primary Sociopathyo Neither neurotic motivations, hereditary taint, nor dissocial nurture seem to be determining factorso Lack of the normal affective accompaniments of experience- Hypotheses: Those who resemble Cleckley’s definition are… o Defective in their ability to develop anxietyo Show abnormally little manifest anxiety in life situations normally conducive to the responseo Relatively incapable of avoidance learning under circumstances where such learning can only be effected through the mediation of the anxiety response- Participantso Group I: Primary sociopathic groupo Group II: Neurotic sociopathic groupo Group III: Normals3Psychology of Criminal Behavior Exam #2 Readings Summaries- Measures = Taylor Scale, MMPI Anxiety Index, “Anxiety Scale,” avoidance learning test- Resultso Group I: Primary Sociopaths Least anxiety reactivity Least avoidance Least GSR reactivityo Group II: Neurotic Sociopaths