Psychology of Criminal Behavior Exam 2 Readings Summaries Temperament and Psychopathy A Dual Pathway Model Fowles Dindo Psychopathy pattern of chronic antisocial behavior personality features Historically deficit seen as low reactivity to fear Temperament deficit identified poor emotional behavioral control Suggests multifactorial developmental pathways from childhood to adult psychopathy Low fear associated only with Factor 1 Factor 2 associated with a deficit in a cognitive processing system in the PFC Temperamental risk factors o Low fear anxiety o High anger irritability o Strong approach behavior in response to rewards o Low reactive inhibitory control o Weak regulation or effortful control Risk factors environment psychopathy o Psychopathy developmental outcome Psychopathic Personality Corsini Psychopathy characterized by distinctive emotional interpersonal and behavioral features Antisocial personality disorder similar but has limited coverage of affective interpersonal features Origins of psychopathy Pinel French physician o Manie sans delire insanity without delirium o Impulsively violent individuals who appeared otherwise sound in mind Mask of Sanity Cleckley o Modern conceptualizations o Deep rooted emotional pathology masked by an outward appearance of robust mental health but revealed over time o Harm caused byproduct of their shallow nature PCL R Hare Cleckley o Interview based inventory for assessing psychopathy as described by o Includes affective interpersonal behavioral deviancy but leaves out the positive adjustment features absence of nervousness anxiety mood disorder o Developed to index psychopathy as a unitary syndrome Has distinctive item subsets Factor 1 Factor 2 Cleckley saw psychopaths as bold disinhibited Modern picture psychopaths as mean disinhibited Self report measures used to assess psychopathy in noncriminal samples o Psychopathic Personality Inventory PPI 2 uncorrelated factors PPI 1 Dominance stress immunity fearlessness BOLDNESS PCL R factor 1 MEANNESS 1 Psychology of Criminal Behavior Exam 2 Readings Summaries PPI 2 Impulsivity aggressiveness Psychopathy in children adolescents o Antisocial Process Screening Device APSD 20 items completed by parents teachers Kids aged 6 13 w behavioral problems Modeled after the PCL R Callous Unemotional CU factor Impulsive Conduct Problems I CP Indexes meanness disinhibition Differing causal factors underlying disinhibition versus boldness meanness o Higher brain system impairments PFC ACC disinhibition o Deviations in responses of lower brain structures boldness o Low dispositional fear environmental influences ex abuse Successful psychopaths boldness o Aspects of psychopathy that may be consistent with contribute to success meanness in society Identifying Psychopathy Subtypes on the Basis of Personality Structure Hicks Markon Patrick Kreuger Newman Study sought to identify subtypes of psychopaths on the basis of differences in basic dimensions of personality generate hypotheses relating to possible etiological differences Typological approaches primary vs secondary psychopath o Primary psychopath antisocial behaviors motivated by a lack of conscience Weak behavioral inhibition system fearless temperament o Secondary psychopath neurotic conflict Overactive behavioral activation system impulsivity o Empirically supported by cluster analytic techniques Current study personality based approach to differentiate psychopaths using model based cluster analysis Hypothesis best fitting model would contain 2 clusters o One low in trait anxiety resembling the primary psychopath o Another high on anxiety impulsivity aggression resembling secondary psychopath Participants prisoners Results o Assessed using the PCL R psychopathy MPQ BF personality o Emotionally Stable Psychopaths primary classic psychopath Low Stress Reaction Social Closeness Harm Avoidance High Social Potency Achievement Alienation High PEM agency Higher IQ Higher on Socialization So scale Planful sensation seeking fearless 2 Psychology of Criminal Behavior Exam 2 Readings Summaries Immune to negative events socially dominant lacking close attachments prone to take risks Extreme behavioral deviance in the presence of a superficially normal social presentation Acts of fraud instrumental violence o Aggressive Psychopaths secondary psychopath High Aggression Social Potency Stress Reaction Alienation Low Well being Social Closeness Control Harm Avoidance Traditionalism High NEM Low CON PEM communal Earlier age of first criminal charge Life course persistent offender More alcohol drug use problems More fights in childhood adulthood Lower IQ Psychological maladjustment of the undercontrolled externalizing variety Easily upset responds readily with aggressive action view the world as populated by potential enemies Disinhibited uncontrolled lacking close relationships Impulsive violent acts o Group differences in Socialization scale Welsh Anxiety Scale WAS validity of psychopathy subtypes A Study of Anxiety in the Sociopathic Personality Lykken Sociopathic Personality o Impulsiveness antisocial tendencies immorality self destructive failure to modify this pattern of behavior in spite of repeated painful consequences Primary Sociopathy o Neither neurotic motivations hereditary taint nor dissocial nurture seem to be determining factors o Lack of the normal affective accompaniments of experience Hypotheses Those who resemble Cleckley s definition are o Defective in their ability to develop anxiety o Show abnormally little manifest anxiety in life situations normally conducive to the response o Relatively incapable of avoidance learning under circumstances where such learning can only be effected through the mediation of the anxiety response Participants o Group I Primary sociopathic group o Group II Neurotic sociopathic group o Group III Normals 3 Psychology of Criminal Behavior Exam 2 Readings Summaries Measures Taylor Scale MMPI Anxiety Index Anxiety Scale avoidance learning test Results o Group I Primary Sociopaths Least anxiety reactivity Least avoidance Least GSR reactivity o Group II Neurotic Sociopaths Higher on Taylor Scale Higher on MMPI Anxiety Index Conceptualizing the Psychopathic Personality Patrick General consensus that disinhibited externalizing behavior is not enough for a diagnosis of psychopathy Psychopath distinct type of high externalizing individual emotionally detached unperturbed by consequences Differences in opinion arise from