Adolescent Development F12 Dr Dickson Unit 1 Lecture Review Questions 1 On what 5 criteria are scientific theories judged 2 What are the 3 major developmental issues Be able to recognize examples of reasoning from each side of each issue Be able to categorize major theories by where they stand on each issue Nature v Nurture Continuity v Discontinuity Stability v Change PLATO NATURE HALL nature discontinuous stability BEHAVIORISM continuous nurture FREUD discontinuous ERIKSON differs from freud on stab v change erikson says change PIAGET nature stability discontinuous INFORMATION PROCESSING nature AND nurture differs from piaget on cont v discont ECOLOGICAL THEORIES nature MEAD nature 3 In what way can Plato s view of human nature and the soul be considered developmental 4 What are Plato s 3 layers What do they have to do with adolescence Desire spirit reason reason develops in adolescence lower layers of the soul develop earlier 5 How does Aristotle s view of the soul differ from Plato s soul is not separate from body 6 In what way is Aristotle s view of adolescence a foreshadowing of G S Hall s view Different stages corresponding with plants animals and then finally humans growing in sophistication with each stage 7 How does the Middle Age view of human nature and development differ from that of Plato and Aristotle Middle ages think were inherently evil and we have to rid ourselves of the evil plato said we know what we know we just have to grow into it and discover that we know it 8 What is preformationism When was it widely believed Middle ages thought that there are tiny humans in sperm and that we only grow quantitatively not qualitatively 9 Contrast the prevailing view of human nature in the Middle Ages with that of the Renaissance Renaissance children are not mini adults no punishment we come into the world knowing nothing 10 What did J Locke mean by tabula rasa blank slate 11 If Locke were a developmental scientist where would he fall on the Nature Nurture issue Nurture we are fully molded by our environment tabula rasa Adolescent Development F12 Dr Dickson 12 How does Rousseau s view of human nature and development differ from Locke s Where would he fall on the Nature Nurture issue Nurture humans are innately good our development is pre programmed 13 What changes in 19th century US influenced the emergence of adolescence as a separate developmental period Child labor laws education laws juvenile justice legislation increasing industrialization 14 What does ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny mean Is it still believed to be a valid theory Not valid development of the individual repeats the evolutionary changes of the species 15 How did G S Hall use that concept in creating his theory of development Says that adolescent development follows same pattern as the development as the species did 16 What did Hall say about adolescence How does it fit with the ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny idea 3 stages of development mimicking the animal stage savagery and transition toward civilization 17 What did Hall mean by storm and stress adolescence is a turbulent time emotional maladjustment instability and moodiness risky behavior 18 Know the major assumptions of Behaviorism We cant study what we cant observe development is result of experiences change is gradual 20 How are Locke s idea and behaviorism similar Think major issues we are molded by our environment and experiences nurture continuous development 21 How do Social Learning Theories differ from Behaviorism how are they similar Similar nurture shaped by environment differ we learn from both our experiences and others experiences 22 According to Piaget what drives cognitive development maturation 23 What did Bronfenbrenner emphasize in his theory Environmental context 24 What are developmentally instigative behaviors Recognize examples We influence others in ways that affect our interactions with us 25 What can a correlational study tell us What can t it Can tell us the degree of relationship between two variables cant tell us cause and effect 26 What is it about experimental research that makes it possible to conclude causality All variables are manipulated by the experimenter 27 Why is random assignment of participants so important Ensures groups will be identical in every way except with respect to the independent variable allows us to conclude that the differences in the independent variable are what CAUSED the differences in the dependent variable reduces likelihood of confounding variables 28 What are the 3 major developmental designs Advantages disadvantages of each Recognize examples Cross sectional different ages at one time fast and efficient doesn t measure change over time and cohort effects Adolescent Development F12 Dr Dickson Longitundinal follow one age group over a span of time actually measuring development no cohort effects expensive time repeated testing effects loss of subjects over time Cross Sequential multiple groups of different ages followed over time can check for cohorts repeated testing effects quicker than longitudinal takes longer than cross sectional 29 Describe the endocrine system as it is implicated in puberty Include Hypothalamus gonads pituitary sex hormones Hypothalamus monitors hunger thirst and sex drives talks to the pituitary by releasing gonadotrophic releasing hormones Pituitary regulates glands talks to the gonads by releasing gonadatrophic hormones Gonads testes and ovaries relsease sex hormones Sex hormones androgens and estrogens 30 What is the gonadostat and why is it referred to as such Hypothalamus referring to a thermostat because it monitors the dispersion of hormones like a thermostat monitors the dispersion of heat setpoint changes 31 What is a set point How is it involved in the onset of puberty The point at which the hypothalamus tells the pituitary to stop relseasing the gonadotrophic hormones setpoint raises during puberty and that s why theres an increase in hormone levels 32 What is the general pattern of body growth during puberty From the outside towards the spine first head hands feet then arms legs then torso shoulders 33 What is the secular trend in puberty Age of menarche is decreasing but we are growing to be taller 34 What are the major reasons for differences in pubertal timing across different populations Health and nutrition differences 35 How does M Mead s conception of adolescence differ from Hall s mead storm and stress are caused by your environment not