Chapter 6 Notes Abnormal Psychology 6 1 6 1a Mood Disorders 1 of the group of disorders involving severe enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression Major depressive episode most commonly diagnosed feelings of worthlessness disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep loss of interest and inability to experience pleasure persisting at least 2 weeks Most important symptoms are the physical ones somatic negative Anhedonia loss of energy inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any fun If untreated lasts about 4 9 months Mania period of abnormality excessive elation or euphoria associated with some mood disorders Extremely hyperactive Expressing so many exciting ideas at once with incoherent speech resulting Flight of Ideas Hypomanic episode less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders 6 1b The Structure of Mood Disorders Individuals who either experience depression or mania are said to have a unipolar mood disorder because their mood remains at one pore of the usual depression mania continuum Someone who alternates between depression and mania is said to have bipolar disorder An individual can feel both manic and depressive at the same time Mixed manic or dysphoriamanic epsiode 6 1c Depressive Disorders Major Depressive Disorder single episode mood disorder involving one major depressive episode Major Depressive Disorder recurrent mood disorder involving multiple separated by at least 2 months major depressive episodes 35 85 percent of those who experience single episode will later experience another one then becomes MDD recurrent Dysthimic Disorder mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood with low self esteem withdrawal pessimism or despair present for at least 2 years with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months Double Depression severe mood disorders typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthmic disorder dysthimic major depressive episodes Dysthimic develops first than depression Onset Duration Mean onset is 30 years Starts in teens and gradually rises linearly 6 1d Bipolar Disorders Key to indentify in BD is the tendency of manic episodes to alternate with major depressive episodes Hallucinations psychotic symptom of perceptual disturbance in which something is seen heard or otherwise sensed although it is not actually present Delusions psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality Catalepsy motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychosis and mood disorders in which body postures can be sculpted to remain fixed for long periods Seasonal affective disorder mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year typically with depression occurring during the winter Pathological or impacted grief reaction extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features suicidal ideation or severe loss of weight or energy or that persists more than 2 months Also known as impacted grief reaction Bipolar 2 Disorder alteration of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes not full manic episodes Bipolar 1 Disorder Alterations of depressive episodes with full manic episodes The high during a manic state is so pleasurable people may discontinue their medicine Cyclothmic disorder chronic at least 2 years mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes Onset Duration The average onset for bipolar 1 disorder is from 15 18 and for bipolar 2 19 22 Rare for someone to develop bipolar disorder after 40 Suicide common consequence of bipolar disorder 30 times more likely than someone without bipolar disorder women are 2 times as likely as mean to have mood disorders with major depressive disorders and dsythmia 6 2 Prevalence of Mood Disorder 16 percent of the population major depressive disorder 6 percent in last year Bipolar Disorder 1 percent 0 8 percent in last year Bipolar is evenly distributed among men and women MDD and Dysthmia lower among blacks than whites 6 2a Prevalence in Children Adolescents and Older Adults Mood disorders prevalence rises dramatically in adolescence Adolescents experience MDD about as much as adults In children sex ratio for MDD is 50 50 in adolescence it changes for mainly female Puberty triggers sex imbalance Stress events reduced as age progresses The overall prevalence for MDD for individuals 65 is about 1 2 that of the general population Bipolar disorder occurs at same rate 1 percent in childhood adult and adolescence 6 2b Life Span Development Influences on Mood Mood disorders are similar in childhood and adulthood No childhood mood disorders are specific to a developmental stage as anxiety is Look of depression changes with age Mania children younger than age 9 seem present with more irritability and emotional swings rather than classic manic states Comorbidity boys tends to be more aggressive in their manic or depressive episodes and often ADHD is comorbid or misdiagnosed conduct disorder and depression coccur in bipolar disorder in patients with bipolar disorder children meet criteria for ADHD 60 90 percent of the time Bipolar diagnosis has gone up a lot Physicians are using broader criteria to diagnose bipolar 1 and 2 disorder that don t match up with current definitions of BD May be being misdiagnosed Often mistaken for ADHD or conduct disorder Chronic long term could have severe mood dysregulation SMD Threats of disorders carry on to adulthood often if developed at younger age Age Based Influences on Older Adults 14 42 percent nursing home residents may experience MDD Late onset depressions sleeping difficulties hypochondriasis agitation 50 percent Alzhemier s comorbid with depression Elderly citizens become increasingly depressed over a 3 year period In childhood depression boys over girls in adolescence girls over boys in adulthood age and sex imbalance evens out 6 2c Across Cultures strong tendency for mood disorders to take form of somatic physical symptoms Depression may be thought of differently in other cultures by their view of the individual and the role of the individual in society In societies that focus on the individual instead of the group common to hear I am depressed etc In collectivist cultures Our life has lost its meaning