Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 1 Review from BSCI201 Chapters 1 4 of text o Orientation of the human body ch1 Language of anatomy o Basic chemistry ch2 o Cell structures and cellular organelles ch3 o Tissue types and tissue structures ch3 o Body membranes ch4 o The nervous system neurons neurotransmitters and action potentials neuromuscular junction o Hormones and endocrine glands o Muscles both the physiology and anatomy o Anatomy study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts o Physiology study of how the body and its parts work or function on both a microscopic and macroscopic level o Levels of organization Cells smallest structural unit Tissues collection of cells of same type Organs collection of two or more types of tissues put together into stuctures that perform a specific function Organ systems collection of organs that work together to accomplish a particular task o Primary cells tissue classes Over 200 types of cells divided into 4 general categories Muscle contraction generation of force Connective connect anchor support Epithelial barrier between body and external environment exchange Nervous initiate transmit electrical impulses o Body fluid compartments For a 70 kg man total body water 42 liters 28 liters intracellular fluid ICF 14 liters extracellular fluid ECF o 3 liters plasma o 11 liters interstitial fluid o Organ systems Endocrine Hypothalamus pituitary gland adrenal gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands thymus pancreas Provide communication between cells of the body though the release of hormones in the bloodstream Nervous Musculoskeletal Cardiovascular Brain spinal cord peripheral nerves Provide communication between cells of the body through electrical signals and the release of neurotransmitters into small gaps between certain cells Skeletal muscle bones tendons ligaments Support the body allow voluntary movement of the body allow facial expressions Heart blood vessels blood Transport molecules throughout body in bloodstream Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart o Oxygen carbon dioxide wastes Respiratory Urinary Lungs pharynx trachea bronchi Bring oxygen into the body and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body Keeps blood supplied with oxygen removes maintains blood plasma pH Kidneys ureters bladder urethra Filter the blood to regulate acidity blood volume and ion concentrations eliminate wastes Eliminates maintains acid base balance regulates water and electrolytes Gastrointestinal Digestive Mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine liver pancreas gallbladder Break down food and absorb it into the body Allows for nutrient absorption into eliminates indigestible material Reproduction Immune Gonads reproductive tracts and glands Generate offspring not required for White blood cells thymus lymph nodes spleen tonsils adenoids Defend the body against pathogens and abnormal cells Returns fluids to blood vessels cleanses the blood protects the body from pathogens Integumentary Skin Protect the body from the external environment Interrelationships among body systems Integumentary system allows food to enter mouth digestive system unabsorbed matter goes out anus nutrients enter blood in circulatory system nitrogen containing metabolic waste products exit body through excretory system CO2 exits and O2 enters through respiratory system which also travels through the circulatory system through blood o Homeostasis Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life The process of maintaining stable internal environment compatible for life Stable body temperature Maintain blood Maintain blood pressure Maintain water balance osmolarity Stable blood sugar levels Most organ systems contribute to homeostasis except the reproductive system Negative feedback control in Homeostasis Primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis Body s response the original stimulus is to offset it so that it is within normal physiological External change triggers change in a regulated variable in internal environment this triggers a reaction to oppose the detected change and return regulated variable toward normal parameters set point Homeostasis in action thermoregulation and negative feedback Homeostasis imbalance a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease if Maintaining homeostasis through neural and hormonal control systems not corrected Receptor sensors o Responds to changes in the environment stimuli o Sends information to control center o Detect level of regulated variable and provide input to integrating center Control center o Determines set point usually in the brain desired level of regulated variable and analyzes information o usually in the brain compares set point to actual level of regulated variable and sends output to effectors to return regulated variable toward set point o Determines appropriate response Effector provides a means for response to the stimulus Chart example of homeostasis Variable in homeostasis stimulus produces change in variable imbalance change detected by receptor receptor sensor input information sent along afferent pathway to control center output information sent along efferent pathway to activate effector response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis o Thermoneutral zone and normal body temperature is 37 C Thermoneutral zone if the range of outside temperature where alterations in blood flow alone regulates body temperature Body temperature increase blood flow to skin increases Body temperature decrease blood flow to skin decreases o Positive feedback loop Causes a rapid change in a variable Not a common mechanism for maintaining Response increase the original stimulus as opposed to canceling it out Increases the original stimulus as opposed to cancelling it out Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther Stimulus must end for response to end Labor child birth milk let down blood clotting Positive feedback loop example After a heart attack portion of the heart tissue dies the remainder of the heart muscle must pump harder to compensate heart rate goes up the heart muscle is working harder and the heart now also requires more oxygen the heart must pump harder to increase its own demand for more oxygen heart rate goes up working harder causes the muscle tissue of the heart to grow more mass means more need for oxygen again the heart muscle is working harder and needs more oxygen continuous cycle Blood The only fluid tissue
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