Sociology notes chapter 1 sociology scientific study of sociology behavior and human groups focus how relationships influence peoples beliefs C W Mills sociological imagination private lives patterns and events of society origins 1 Industrial Revolution 2 French revolution Auguste Comente 1798 1857 sociology study of the society married and kicked out of college died of Syphilis positivism use of the scientific method to the sociological world Herbert Spencer Social Darwinism 1820 1903 society social organization lower barbarian forms higher civilized survival of the fittest Karl Marx 1818 1883 class conflict rich bourgeoisie working proletariat conflict social change Super Structure culture values political institutions education ideologies Economic Base infrastructure mode of production relations of productions forces of production property owner relationship technology org of labor Emile Durkheim 1858 1917 unity of society 2 types of Solidarity 1 traditional societies mechanical solidarity 2 industrial societies organic solidarity Suicide published 1897 sociological integration degree to which people are tied to their society decrease in Jews and Catholics increase in protestants suicide rates were high closer to a sociological group decrease in suicide egoistic suicide weak group family community ties isolated altruistic suicide too strong ties to a group would die for them anomic suicide people s lives are disrupted by major social events depression war famine verstenen understanding Max Weber Protestant Ethnic 1864 1920 certain beliefs of Christians capitalism Values ready to invert self denying approach hard work all are the spirit of capitalism to make a claim of a behavior of a group you must know the group American Sociology Jane Adams 1860 1935 center of research social thought Hull House 1931 got the Nobel Peace Prize W E B Dubois 1868 1931 sociology lab in Atlanta research on African American experiences souls of the black folk phila negro social study double consciences identity through the eyes of African American experiences Theoretical Perspectives macro level of analysis examine large patterns of sociology Structional Function Functionalis Parrons Durkheim society system of interdependent interrelated parts balance of equilibrium functions dysfunctions latist manifest functions Conflict Marx Danrendorf society conflict conflict social change K Marx class structure exploitation micro level symbolic internationalism examine details everyday life interactions with people careers of students graduating with a degree is increase provides strong liberal arts background for entry level positions business social services foundations government Chapter 2 cause effect scientific method systematic organized system of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in research independent variable x dependant variable y positive correlation a high rank on one variable is associated w a high rank on another variable negative correlation a high rank on one variable is associated w a low rank on another variable controls ways of excluding the possibility that some other factors may be influencing the relationship b t 2 variables 1 Survey population the total group of people the sociologist is interested in sample part of the population random sample every member of the population has the same chance of being selected sociologists use survey most often 2 Observation participant observation collect info through direct participation and or by closely watching a group or community William Foote Whyte 1943 Street Corner Society Elijah Anderson 1999 studied families in some of Philadelphia s poor African American neighborhoods Code of Street Decency Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City 3 Experiments this is best for studying a possible cause effect relationships An experiment is an artificially created situation that allows researchers to manipulate variables human subjects random assignment experimental and control group experimental exposure to the independent variable control no exposure to the variables The Hawthorne Effect the contamination of an experiment by the subjects assumptions about what the experiment is trying to discover Zimbardo 1973 the Stanford County Prison realistic looking prison with prisoners subjects and the guards subjects the guards were instructed what to do and eventually got violent with the prisoners had to stop the study because it was getting out of control independent variable prison setting dependant variable violence 4 Documents newspapers bank records immigration records 5 Unobtrusive Measures record or tape record your subjects without them knowing You research leads you to which is the best of the 5 different studies to use Code of Ethics 1997 1 Maintain objectivity and integrity in research 2 respect subjects right to privacy and dignity 3 protect subjects from harm 4 preserve confidentiality 5 seek consent 6 acknowledge collaboration and assistance 7 disclose sources of financial support Sociology chapter 3 culture totality of learned socially transmitted customs knowledge material objects and behavior includes ideas values customs and artifacts of groups of people culture the entire of life of a society material culture artifacts or physical objects non material culture abstract human creations language ideas beliefs values culture shock when you encounter one culture that is so different than yours Sapir Whorf Hypothesis linguistic Relativity Hypothesis language shapes our perception of reality Values ideas of what is good and desirable in life gestures are used differently in different cultures and countries norms the expectations or rules of behavior that develop to reflect and enforce values mores strong norms that are regarded as morally significant dressing appropriately taboos strong norms that define specific acts as loathsome incest cannibalism folkways norms that are not strictly enforces proper ways to eat politeness laws norms that have been enacted by a political authority subcultures share in the overall culture but maintain a distinctive set of values norms and lifestyles argot specialized language within a subculture counter culture groups that have values interests and lifestyles that conflict with those of the larger culture hippies punks Cultural Universals cultural universal certain common practices and beliefs that all societies have developed many are adaptations to meet essential human needs Murdoch
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