Intro to Sociology Notebook A Ch 1 I Sociology Perspective i Focus on a Sociology Scientific study of social behavior and human groups How relationships influence people s attitudes and behavior b C W Mills sociological imagination i Private lives patterns and events of our society II The Origins of Sociology a The Industrial Revolution b The French Revolution c August Comte 1798 1857 i Sociology the study of society ii Positivism the application of the scientific method to the social world Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 1820 1903 III a The survival of the fittest i Lower or barbarian forms of society simple form of society ii Higher or civilized forms more advanced civilization IV Karl Marx 1818 1883 one demensional a Class conflict i bourgeoisie ii proletariat b Conflict leads to social change c Economic Base Mode of Production Infrastructure This determines i Superstructure Cultural values ideologies political institutions education ii Relations of Production Property owner relationship iii Forces of Production Technology organization of labor V Emile Durkheim 1858 1917 a Unity of society b Two types of solidarity i Traditional societies mechanical solidarity strong communities ii Industrial societies organic solidarity individualistic c Suicide 1897 i Social Integration the degree to which people are tied to their social groups ii Certain regions had high rates and some had low rates Durkheim believed it wasn t an individualistic approach Looked into climate Religion Jews had highest the Catholics then Protestants iii Jews were more integrated into social groups Stronger community ties social integration means lower suicide rates iv Egoistic suicide weak group family or community etc v Altruistic suicide too strong ties to one s communities kamikaze vi Anomic Suicide when people s lives are suddenly disrupted by major social events economic depression war famine VI Max Weber Protestant Ethic 1864 1920 Two dimensional a Certain aspects of Christian beliefs Capitalism b Values i Readiness to invent ii Self denying approach iii Hard work c Verstehen understanding VII American Sociology a Jane Adams 1860 1935 i Center for Research Social Thought Hull House ii Nobel Peace Prize 1931 b W E B Dubois 1868 1931 i Sociological laboratory in Atlanta research on African American experiences ii The Souls of the Black Folk iii The Philadelphia Negro A Social Study iv Double consciousness identity through the lens of the particular experiences of African Americans VIII Theoretical Perspectives a Macro Level of analysis examining large scale patterns of society b Micro level of analysis i Symbolic interactionism examining the details of every day life interactions a Number of students graduating with degree in sociology has risen steadily i Provides strong liberal arts background for entry level positions between individuals IX Careers in Sociology Business Social Services Etc B Ch 2 Sociological Research I What is the Scientific Method in researching a problem II Doing Sociological Research a Systematic organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency a Cause independent variable s b Effect dependent variable s c Correlation a consistent association between two or more variables i Spurious correlation a false correlation between two variables ii Positive Correlation a high rank on one variable is associated with a high rank on iii Negative correlation a high rank on one variable is associated with a low rank on another variable another variable d Controls ways of excluding the possibility that some other factors may be influencing the relationship between two variables III Basic Research Methods a Survey i population the total group of people the sociologist is interested in ii sample part of the population random sample every member of the population in question has the same chance of being selected iii How a question is phrased makes a difference I m going to name some problems and for each one I d like you to tell me whether you think we re spending too much money on it too little money or the right amount assistance to the poor welfare iv Observatoin Participant Observation collect information through direct participation and or by closely watching a group or community v Experiments best for studying a possible cause effect relationships An experiment is an artificially created situation that allows researcher to manipulate variables Experiment Illustration Zimbardo 1973 the Stanford County Prison realistic looking prison prisoners and guards Independent variable prison setting Dependent variable violence i Maintain objectivity and integrity in research respect subjects right to privacy and IV Documents a Newspapers b Bank records c immigration records V Unobtrusive measures a Two way mirrors b Video recording VI Ethics of Research a Code of Ethics dignity ii Respect subjects right to privacy and dignity iii Protect subjects from personal harm iv Preserve confidentiality v Seek informed consent vi Acknowledge C Ch 3 Culture I Culture the entire way of life of a society a Material culture i artifacts or physical objects b Non material culture i abstract human creations Language ideas beliefs values II Language a Sapir Whorf Hypothesis i Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Languages shapes our perception of reality ii Values ideas of what is good and desirable in life Norms the expectations or rules of behavior that develop to reflect and enforce values Mores strong norms that are regarded as morally significant Taboos strong norms that define specific acts as loathsome Folkways norms that are not strictly enforced Laws norms that have been enacted by a political authority a share in the overall culture but maintain a distinctive set of values norms and lifestyles i argot specialized language used by subculture a groups that have values interests and lifestyles that conflict with those of the larger III Subcultures IV Counter Cultures culture D Ch 4 I The Influence of Heredity a Minnesota Twin Family Study social settings i Twins have similar intelligence test scores when reared apart in roughly similar ii Different scores when reared in different social settings iii John Money and sex reassignment iv David and Brenda nature is more important in shaping gender identity b socialization a process by which we learn ways of society culture and develop our human potential c Institutionalized children study Skeels and Dye 1939 i 13 mentally retarded infants
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