Scientific method 5 steps 1 Define the problem 2 Research See if the problem has been solved before 3 Hypothesis Make guesses 4 Experiment Test each guest 5 State answer and give percent of certainty go back to 3 if your conclusion does not work Three things in the Universe Space Time and Matter Space separates objects 3 degrees of freedom each dimension is a degree of freedom Examples 1 dimensional a single string A Length of string is closed and finite B A loop of string ends tied is open and finite 2 dimensional piece of paper A Surface of a cylinder is open finite in 1 of 2 dimensions Campbell s chicken soup B Surface of a sphere is open finite in 2 dimensions baseball 3 dimensional our world Terms Finite can be measured Infinite can t be measured closed has road blocks open can walk forever Earth atmosphere and inside Layers of the earth A Core 2 layers 2100 miles iron nickel 1 Inner core 800 miles solid 2 Outer core 1300 miles molten B Mantle 1800 miles thick heavy rocks C Crust 20 miles thick light rocks Atmosphere A Troposphere 0 7 miles up mostly air where all weather takes place B Stratosphere 7 45 miles up Air too thin to breathe cold C Ionosphere 45 200 miles Gases of charged particles mirror for radio waves Observers Sky Heading tells which direction look North is 0 degrees East is 90 degrees South is 180 degrees and West is 270 degrees Altitude tells how high to look 0 degrees is even with the ground and 90 degrees is directly overhead Celestial Sphere meridian zenith right ascension longitude latitude Celestial Equator 0 degrees declination North Pole 90 degrees declination South Pole 90 degrees declination Declination Celestial Latitude 0 to equal or lesser than 90 degrees Right Ascension Celestial Longitude 0 to 360 degrees Meridian the line that cuts the observer s sky in half Zenith point overhead changes depending on your location Longitude perpendicular to Equator 0 to 360 degrees 0 degrees longitude is the Prime Meridian 180 degrees longitude is the International Date Line Latitude lines run parallel to Equator 0 to equal or lesser than 90 degrees Kent Ohio Latitude 41 degrees Longitude 81 degrees Heliocentric Theory The theory that we revolve around the sun Helio mean Sun Centric means Center First suggested by Nicholas Copernicus about the time Columbus discovered America 1492ish 4 proofs of the theory Retrograde motion of the planets looks like it s moving backwards Parallax of nearby stars The start shifts proving its closer or farther away and that we are the ones moving the seasons and the Aberration of Starlight how we other stars as we move Kepler s 3 Laws 1 Planets go around the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun off to one side 2 As a planet nears the sun it speeds up and when it further from the sun it slows down 3 The further a planet is from the sun the longer it takes to orbit the sun 4 kinds of Forces A Gravity 1 Weakest of all forces 2 One true force that works to the end of the universe 3 Produced by ALL matter 4 An attracting force B Electromagnetic 1 The force of charged particles a Positive and negative are the two types of charges I Positive charge particles protons II Negative charged particle electrons C Strong Interacting strong nuclear force 1 the force that hold the nucleus together D Weak interacting weak nuclear force 1 The force that break the neutron apart outside the nucleus after 19 minutes The 3 particles that come out of the explosion are protons electrons and neutrinos Newton s 3 Laws A No force law 1 An object at rest will stay at rest 2 An object in motion will stay in motion in a straight line B Net Force Law Most Famous 1 A net force will cause an object to accelerate a The greater the force the greater the acceleration b the greater the mass the less the acceleration C For every action there is an opposite or equal reaction REMEMBER a f m or F ma F force A acceleration M mass Units of Force Circular Motion 3 ways to accelerate speed up slow down or go around a curve Centripital force a real force that pushes an object inward in a curve Centrifugal reaction a fake force that pushes outward in a curve Example the rides at amusement parks where it would whip you around and you would squish the outside person Units of Work and Energy Erg smallest form of energy Joule Newton meter Watt measurement of a joule per second 746 watts 1 horsepower 1 small calorie 4 185 joules 1 large calorie 4 185 joules food calories Conservation of Energy The law that states energy can neither be created nor destroyed but rather transformed from one state to another Heat and Temperature Ocean vs Fire Heat is the total number of electrons Temperature is how charged or fast they are moving All forms of energy is HEAT energy 3 ways to transfer heat A Conduction One atom hitting another Domino Effect 1 When there is an empty space it creates a vacuum and will stop the flow of the energy by conduction in atoms 2 Good Conductors vs Poor Conductors a Good Conductors are Metals Gold is 1 and Silver is 2 b Poor Conductors are any non metals 3 Carpet feels warmer than tile because it is a better insulator and won t draw as much energy The better the conductor the cooler Perfect example Stepping on Tile vs Carpet coming out of the shower B Convection Moving liquids and gasses 1 Example Boiling Liquids a Air above a chimney or a roadway wavy desert air in car commercials The road is hotter than the air above it The atoms are rising and the disturbance we can convection see is C Radiation transfer of heat energy by light waves 1 Ex The Sun The wave itself is not hot but when the sun s light wave hits your skin it wiggles the atoms which causes heat to be created 2 It is the fastest of all 3 because it happens at the speed of light 186 282 miles per second 3 You cannot stop it but you can SLOW it by a reflective surface Example Silver in your thermos bottle 5 phases of matter A Solid Atoms remain in place vibrating in one place back and forth bonded B Liquid Atoms roll over top of each other C Gas Atoms far apart and free to move in space D Plasma ion Hot Cloud of gas containing atoms which lost one or more electrons ions E Crushed Electrons get pushed into nucleus never done on earth because it only occurs in the collapse of the center of large stars P f a P Pressure F Force A Area example square that is 3 square inches with 15 lbs of force on it P 15 3 2 5 lbs 5 PSI per square inch Pascal s Law The transmitted …