Art History I 10 16 2010 Sociology 10 16 2010 Chapter 1 Day 1 Common sense is not very dependable Sociology Common Sense are two very different things Cant trust common sense Sociological Perspective Henslin understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social content C W Mills sociological imagination Private lives patterns and events of our society Origins of Society 1 Industrial Revolution 2 French Revolution August Comte 1798 1857 FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY Sociology study of society Positivism application of the scientific method of the social world Day 2 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 1820 1903 Society social organism barbarian forms civilized forms survival of the fittest Karl Marx 1818 1883 Class Conflict Bourgeoisie Proletariat Conflict Social Change Bourgeoisie Capital Class Higher Proletariat Working Class Lower Superstructure Cultural Values ideologies political institutions educations Economic Base Made of Production Infrastructure Relations of problems Forces of production Property owners relations Technology organization of labor Emile Durkheim 1858 1917 Unity of society 2 types of solidarity Traditional Societies mechanical solidarity same ness Industrial Societies organic solidarity independent Suicide 1897 Higher suicide rates for protestants low for Catholics and Jews Social Integration the degree to which people are tied to their social groups Unmarried are more likely Holiday Season Jews are a minority and more likely to stick together Men Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 1864 1920 Certain aspects of Christian beliefs Capitalism Values Readiness to invest Self denying approach Hard work Verstehen understanding Day 3 Egotistic Suicide weak group family or community ties loners Altruistic Suicide too strong ties to one community kamikaze bombers Anomic Suicide when peoples lives are suddenly disrupted by major social events Economic depression War Famine Jane Adams 1868 1931 Center for research and social thought Hull House Nobel Peace Prize 1931 W E B Dubois 1868 1931 Sociological laboratory in Atlanta research on African American Experiences experiences of a African American o The Souls of the Black Folk o The Philadelphia Negro a social study o Double Consciousness identify though the lens a particular Theoretical Perspective Macro level examining large scale patterns of society Functionalism Structural Functionalism Conflict Parsons Durkheim Marx Dahrendorf Society define Society groups in conflict Balance Equilibrium Conflict social changes Functions or Dysfunctions K Marx class struggle Latent or Manifest functions exploitation Micro level of analysis Symbolic interactionism interactions between individuals examining the details of everyday life Doing Sociological Research Cause Effect independent variables dependent variables a fact Correlation a constant association between two or more variables Spurious Correlation a false correlation between two variables Positive Correlation a high rank on one variable is associated with a high rank on another variable Negative Correlation a high rank on one variable is associated with a low rank on another variable Controls ways of excluding the possibility that some other factors may be influencing the relationship between two variables Day 4 Basic Research Methods Survey Populations the total group of people the sociologist is interested in Sample part if the population o Random sample every member of the population in question has the same chance of being selected Participant Observation Fieldwork Research method by which investigators systematically observe people while joining in their routine activities Participant Observation Field Research 2 examples William Foote Whyte 1943 o Street Corner Society Elijah Anderson 1999 o Studied families in some of Philadelphia s poor African American neighborhoods o Code of the Street Decency o Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City Experiment A research method used to investigate cause and effect relationships under highly controlled conditions Example Zimbardo 1973 the Stanford County Prison o Realistic looking prison o prisoners and guards Independent Variable Prison Setting Dependent Variable Violence Documents newspapers bank records immigration records Unobtrusive Measures CHAPTER 2 Culture the entire way of life of a society Culture Material Culture Non Material Culture artifacts or physical objects abstract human creations language ideas beliefs norms Language Sapir Whorf Hypothesis o Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis o Language shapes our perception of reality Values ideas of what is good and desirable in life American Values Robin Williams 1970 Individualism Activity and Work Achievement and Success Efficiency and Practicality Science and Technology Progress Material Comfort Humanitarianism Freedom Democracy Equality Racism and Group Superiority Henslin 1975 Education Religiosity Romantic Love Emerging Values Leisure Self Fulfillment Physical Fitness Youthfulness Concern for Environment Values Norms the expectations or rules of behavior that develop to reflect and enforce values Sanctions Positive and Negative Mores strong norms that are regarded as morally significant Taboos strong norms that define specific acts as repulsive Folkways norms that are not strictly enforced Laws norms that have been enacted by a political authority Day 5 Subcultures share in the overall culture but maintain a distinctive values norms lifestyles Counter Cultures groups that have values interests and lifestyles that conflict with those of a larger culture Larger Culture Ethnocentrism the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one s own culture Cultural Relativism the practice of judging a culture by its own standards Robert Edgerton Sick Societies 1992 Quality of life scale Cultural Leg a condition in which human behavior is lagging behind technological innovations Cultural Diffusion the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another Chapter 3 What is human nature Nature Nurture Heredity Environment social environment Human Behavior instincts Human Behavior learning Aggression aggressive instinct Ivan Pavlov Nurturing material instinct John Watson 14 000 instincts Identical Twins Anna Isabella 1946 Genie 1970 Nature Nurture Raw Potential Its Realization Socialization a process by which we learn ways of society culture and develop our human potential Institutionalized children study Skeels and Dye 1939 13 mentally handicapped
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