Chapter Six Deviance and Social Control Intro to Sociology Deviance behavior that violates significant social norms and is disapproved by a large number of people Disapproval of deviance negative sanctions punishment ok to marry young and old Italy killed guy who left pregnant woman Approval of conformity positive sanctions rewards Relativity of deviance Percentage that would make this behavior punishable by law India Iran Italy US Failure to help needy Public non violent protest Homosexuality in private By consent 45 33 79 56 79 92 80 35 87 21 6 18 Air Pollution 98 96 99 96 Crime violation of norms written into law Types of Crime I Interpersonal Violence Murder Rape Assault II Property Crimes Robbery Burglary Larceny III Victimless Crimes Drugs Gambling Prostitution IV White Collar Crimes tax evasion price fixing corruption of public officials Cost Nation Approximately 200 Billion committed my mainly wealthy Greater number of crimes in self recording Not everyone reports crimes Intro to Sociology How do we compare to other developed countries Zimring and Hawkins 1993 Similar violent and nonviolent crime Rates Australia Canada New Zeland Only Difference Murder Homicide Geographical Differences Murder Rate in the U S New Hampshire Iowa Louisiana Washington D C 1 5 10 7 46 4 Interracial type Victim and Murderer are of the same race 90 White Victims are killed by other Whites 96 African Americans are killed by other African Americans Ages 16 39 African American Males Murder leading cause of death 3 000 law abiding citizens Why do people violate norms Competing Explanations of Deviance I Biological Explanations Focus on Genetic Predispositions 1911 Cesare Lombroso inborn criminal How a person looks 1913 Charles Goring 3 000 convicts cannot use Cesare No difference in Characteristics 1940s William Sheldon the body type 1960s Genetic Abnormality Male extra Y Chromosome Males also have low IQ 1985 Herrstein and Wilson Inborn factors predispose street crime they need the environment with the predisposition II Psychological Explanations Freud arrested development people don t develop super ego conscience criminal Berkowitz fragile self esteem Intro to Sociology III Sociological Explanations 1 Strain Theory Social values produce deviance poverty breeds crime R Merton Anomie an imbalance between socially approved goals and the availability of socially approved means of achieving Do they feel the strain That leads to Anomie Institutionalized means Mode of Adaptation Cultural goals positions within society them No Yes Conformity Accept Accept Deviant Paths 1 Innovation 2 Ritualism 3 Retreatism 4 Rebellion Accept Reject Reject Reject Replace Reject Replace Reject Accept Reject 2 Differential Association Theory Deviance learned bad companions theory Intensity of contact family friends importance of peer groups 3 Control Theory Deviance failure of social control Other theories as why do people deviate This theory why do people conform in the first place Travis Hirshi 1969 Inner Controls internalized morality conscience ideas of right and wrong Outer Controls people family friends police relationships and social bonds Deviance process by which some people usefully define others as 4 Labeling Theory deviant deviance result of interactions Relativity of deviance Interactionist Perspective Conflict Perspective Intro To Sociology V V Primary Deviance temporary exploratory trivial If and when deviant acts are discovered taking soap from hotel room those in power declare themselves as normal guy on street vs guy in resturant both drinking V Degradation Ceremony shoplifter thief label is applied secondary deviance persistent nonconformity W Chamblis 1975 The Saints and the Roughnecks study Social Control and Maintenance of Power Crime A Conflict View Whose law and order to legal sanctions uphold Property crimes vs White Collar crimes Crime Functionalist Perspective Consequences of deviance Functions of Deviance 1 Clarification of norms 2 Enhancement of solidarity 3 Diversion of discontent Dysfunctions of Deviance 1 Disruption of social order 2 Confusion of norms and values 3 Diversion of resources Crime and Punishment 100 felonies 33 reported to police 6 cleared by arrest Intro to Sociology 3 prosecuted and convicted 1 person sent to prison problems with evidence diversion into treatment programs plea bargaining 1980s increase in crime three strikes law California 1 Retribution eye for an eye approach 2 Rehabilitation 3 Deterrence attempt to reduce criminal activity by instilling fear of punishment again specific deterrence you scare out the criminal Making sure they will not commit general deterrence Punish criminal so they and others will not commit J Gibbs on punishment Severe Rapid Certain all three together 4 Incapacitation removing offender Death Penalty capital punishment Is the death penalty moral Is it effective Ehrlich Yes Bowers No Medicalization of Deviance Thomas Szasz Mental illnesses are neither mental nor illnesses They are simply problem Intro to Sociology behaviors
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