SOCIOLOGY Semester 1 Ivanka Sabolich 9 7 08 CHAPTER 1 The sociological perspective Henslin understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context C W Mills Sociological Imagination Connection between History and Biography Peter Berger an invitation to study technology The Origins of Sociology 1 2 the Industrial Revolution the French Revolution August Conte 1798 1857 The Father of Sociology Sociology the study of society Positivism the application of scientific method to the social world in favor of social reform Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 1820 1903 Society a social organism Lower or barbarian forms Higher or civilized forms Survival of the Fittest coined by Herbert Spencer not in favor of social reform K Marx 1818 1885 Superstructure Cultural values ideologies Political institutions education Economic Base Model of production infrastructure Relations of Production Property owner relations lord serf slave owner slave Forces of Production technology organization labor Class conflict The bourgeoisie The proletariat conflict social change Marx believed that the middle class was short lived and they will either join the rich or the poor Emile Durkheim 1858 1917 K Marx s son unity of society 2 types of social solidarity 1 Traditional Society Mechanical Solidarity same 2 Industrial Society Organic Solidarity interdependent on each interest ideas values other Suicide 1897 Social integration the degree to which people are tied to their social group Durkheim was fascinated with suicide rates of different areas Why more in or less in certain areas that any other place tried climate religion and other variables weak connection with others higher suicide probability 3 Types of Suicide 1 Equistic Suicide most common weak group family or community ties 2 Altruistic Suicide too strong of ties to one s community cult kamikaze 3 Anomic Suicide when people s lives are suddenly whites are more likely to commit suicide than blacks men are more likely to commit suicide than females Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 1864 1920 certain aspects of Christian beliefs Capitalism Disagreed with Marx changes were not about economic infrastructure but were about capitalism o ideas can carry more weight than economy technology Values Readiness to invest Self denying approach to hard work the spirit of capitalism Verstehen understanding going up and beyond what is observable 9 5 06 American Sociology Jane Adams 1860 1935 center for research and social thought Hull House house of immigrants Noble Peace Prize 1931 Social reform W E B DuBois 1868 1963 sociological laboratory in Atlanta research on African American experiences Souls of the Black Folk The Philadelphia Negro a social study A founding member of the NAACP Talcott Parsons 1902 1979 abstract models of society C W Mills 1916 1962 social reform Theoretical Perspectives Macro level of analysis FUNCTIONALISM structural functionalism Durkheim Parsons Society a sytem of interdependent and interrelated parts Balance or equilibrium Functions and dysfunctions CONFLICT K Marx R Dahrendorf Society groups are in conflict with one another Marx class struggle diff groups fighting for scarce resources Latent Functions Social arena Manifest functions what really happens perfect situation conflict change conflict a continuing and inevitable part of social life The micro level of analysis symbolic interactionism The details of everyday life interaction between individuals Doing Sociological Research Cause Effect independent variable s dependant variable s Correlation a consistent association between two or more variables Spurious correlation a false correlation between two variables ex Eating ice cream causes rape Controls ways of exluding the possibility that some other dactors may be influencing the relationship between two variables Positive Correlation high rank on one variable is associated with high rank of another the more you study the better you do on a test when the two variables go in the same direction Negative Correlation a high rank on one variable is associated with a low rank on another the more educated you are the less likely you are to be poor when the two variables go in opposite directions BASIC RESEARCH METHODS I Survey A sample The population total groups of people the sociologist is interested in Random sample every number of the pop In question has the same chance of being selected II Participant Observation fieldwork Experiment a method Join activity or group and observe first hand Participant observation An illustration William Foote White 1943 Street Corner Society Life in Cornerville Bostons slum inhabitied by criminals friendship with Doc the key informant sat in with families in the slums and discovered that it is well organized but still poor This could not have been done with a survey it had to be viewed first hand a research method used to investigate cause and effect relationships under III Experiment highly controlled conditions specific hypothesis evidence needed to accept or reject the hypothesis chart human subjects random assignment two groups 1st Experimental group 1st measure of the dependant variable exposure to the independent variable experimental group 2nd measure of the dependant variable 2nd Group Control group 1st measure of the dependant variable no exposures to the independent variable Control group 2nd measure of the dependant variable The Experiment An Illustration Eimbardo the Stanford County Prison Realistic looking prison prisoners and gaurds dependant variable setting independent variable the prison setting CHAPTER 2 Culture the entire way of life of a society Material culture Artifacts or physical objects Culture Language The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Language shapes our perception of reality Values ideals of what is good and desirable in life R Williams 1970 American values 1 achievement and success nonmaterial culture abstract human creations language Ideas beliefs values individualism 2 3 activity and work 4 efficiency and practicality 5 science and technology 6 progress 7 material comfort 8 humanitarianism freedom 9 10 democracy 11 equality 12 racism and group superiority Henslin added to the list 1975 Education Religiosity Romantic love Emerging Values 1 Leisure 2 SELF FULLFILLMENT 3 Physical fitness 4 Youthfulness values are just general ideas norms are the expectations of rules and behavior that develop to reflect and enforce values NORMS 1
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