Exam 2 Study Guide SYG 2010-07, Summer 2014 The following list of course concepts from the readings, videos, and class is designed to assist you to study for your second exam. This study guide is meant to guide you through the course material and is in no way a substitute for course readings and videos, lectures, PowerPoint presentations, and your notes. NOTE: The PowerPoint presentations (found in Bb) contain links to all of the video clips. The two DVDs we watched can be obtained as follows:- Race: The Power of an Illusion Part 3: The Houses We Live In– This DVD series is on reserve in Strozier for in-library use. You may also watch it online at: https://senema.senecac.on.ca/videos/1983/race-the-power-of-an-illusion-the-houses-we-live-in - Miss Representation – A copy of this DVD is in Strozier for in-library and also available through Netflix. I hope you find this study guide useful. Happy studying!General exam information:40 questions worth 2 points each – Multiple Choice only, no True/False2 short answer/essay worth 10 points eachRacial and Ethnic InequalityCourse Library Readings- Gans: Race as Classo What is the relationship between race and class?  Where do we see it manifested?- Income - Poverty rates- Lee: Beyond Black and Whiteo What do current trends in intermarriage and multiracial identification tell us aboutrace in America? o Who is more likely to intermarry with whites?o What type of racial divide do we see emerging? Race A Race is a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society define as important- Society determines similar traits among people and groups them into broad racial groups- Skin color, eye shape, hair texture, facial features- Biological distinctions are only in the form of these physical traits à not based on genetic variationEthnicity Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage which typically involves common ancestors, 1language, and/or religion- Similar cultural customs, food, family structures, etc.- Examples: Italian, French, Cambodian, Somalian, Cherokee, MexicanMinority Minority refers to a group of people who have unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society- Tend to be the targets of prejudice and discrimination- Not necessarily about numbers- Minorities make up the majority of the state population in California, New Mexico, Hawaii and TexasRace: The Power of an Illusion- Here, focus on your notes from the The Houses We Live In segment that we watched - Genetic variation between races—How much? - Who is “white”?- Who was able to become socially “whitened?” Why? - What happened when black soldiers came back from World War II? What are some causes of the black-white wealth gap that we see today?- What were “white flight,” “block busting,” and “redlining”? How did these affect the black community? Racial Formation Racial formation : social, economic, and political forces that determine the meaning and importance of racial categories- Racial categories shape and are shaped by these meaningsPrejudice and discrimination- Prejudice : an attitude toward an entire category of peopleo A rigid and unfounded generalizationo Assumptions and attitudes often formed without direct interaction with certain groupso Can be negative or positive (examples?)o Directed at an entire race, class, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age group, political affiliation… and so on- Discrimination is the unequal treatment of certain categories of peopleo Prejudice and stereotypes based on attitudeso Discrimination based on actionso Favoring one group while denying another- Prejudice is an attitude- Discrimination is the action- Types of discrimination (e.g., institutional, individual, adaptive, etc.)- Institutional discrimination refers to inequalities built into social institutions (economy, schools, legal system)o Maintains subordinate position of minorities in society- Individual discrimination : individuals treating other individuals unequally because of group membershipo Actions based on assumptionso Can be overt or adaptive- Overt discrimination : occurs because of one’s own prejudicial attitudes 2o Example: landlord refuses to rent to Mexican-Americans based on own assumptions- Adaptive discrimination : based on the prejudice of otherso Example: landlord refuses to rent to African Americans because they are afraid non-African American residents will moveStereotype- Stereotyping : exaggerated descriptions about the characteristics of every single person within a group- Dangers of stereotyping3 Levels of Racism- Institutionalized racism: Racism at work in the operation of social institutions, including the economy, schools, hospitals, the military, and criminal justice system o Built into the structure of society, often invisibleo Results in differential access to social resources by race due to customs, practices,and lawso Material goodso Power, control- Personally-mediated racism: Individual acts of prejudice or discrimination against a particular racial or ethnic identityo Can be both intentional and unintentionalo May be acts of omission or commission - Internalized racism: The acceptance of a negative value and/or idea about one’s own groupo Reflects system of privilege and esteemo Consequences:o Learned helplessnesso Erodes self-value and hopeo REMEMBER CLARK DOLL EXPERIMENT Patterns of majority-minority interaction (e.g., genocide, segregation, assimilation, acculturation)- Know what the Melting pot- Know Pluralism- Know EurocentrismOld-fashioned racism versus today’s more subtle forms (aversive, modern, colorblind)Affirmative Action—Who does it help?  Old-fashioned racism is often overt and intentional- Built into systems of belief and ignorance- Not seen as often today- Overt acts of racism don’t “fit” in our colorblind society Racism takes many—more subtle—forms:- Aversive- Modern Aversive racism refers to subtle, often unintentional prejudice- Not based on hostility or hate- Feelings of discomfort, disgust, and/or fear Aversive racists…3- Support the principle of racial equality (Support in PRINCIPLE, not in ACTION)- But still possess negative feelings and beliefs about the racial group Modern racism : rejects “traditional” racist beliefs; believes that serious discrimination is no longer a problem in the U.S.- Blames individuals, not society, for problems