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Test 1 Study Guide •Nicholas Steno: Observed sedimentary rocks, came up with Steno’s Laws (Superposition, original Horizontality, Original lateral continuity)•William Smith: Said layers of rocks could be differentiated based on the fossils they contain, Layers of rock occur in a definite order•James Hutton: Plutonist- “The present is the key to the past”, Published “The theory of the Earth”, Came up with Uniformitarianism saw earth as a dynamic ever-changing place where rocks and mountains form slowly and are eroded and weathered slowly•Charles Lyell: English geologist, held the Uniformitarianism viewpoint (against Catastrophism) , Came up with principle of crosscutting relationships•Uniformitarianism: The Present is the key to the past, Geologic processes are in uniform throughout time •Catastrophism: The idea that a series of floods caused the Earth’ s current rock formations •Neptunism: the idea that rocks formed from the crystallization of minerals in the early earth’s oceans•Plutonism: The idea that heat and fire in volcanic activity formed rocks rather than water •Immensity of geologic time/ age of earth: 4.6 Billion years old, Very Immense•Geologic Time scale: cats always order sonic during my pedicure party to justify courage •Eon: 4 total, half a billion years or more•Era: 10 total several hundred million years•Period?•Epoch: tens of millions of years, We live in the holocene •Age: millions of years•Relative Dating: Determining the relative order of past events, without exact dates, kind of putting them in groups of age•Superposition: Nicholas Steno, Oldest rocks on the bottom youngest rocks on top•Orignal Horizontally: Sediments are deposited in flat, horizontal layers •Lateral Continuity: Sediments are deposited over a large area in a continuous sheet. Layers go all the way till they thin out or grade to different sediment.•Inclusion: Inclusions are older than the rock which the rocks which contain them•Cross-Cutting relationships:Faults and intrusions are younger than the rock they cut•Absolute Dating: is the process of determining an a process of determining the approximate age•Subatomic Particles: part of what makes up an atom, these are related to radioactive decay•Radioactive isotopes: same element, different masses •Emitted Particles: Subatomic particles that are released during radioactive decay•Rate of decay:Speed of radioactive decay, proportional to the number of parent atomspresent•Half Life:Time it takes for one half of the radioactive parent element to decay Geology Fundamentals •Plate Tectonics: The scientific theory that attempts to explain the movement of the earths lithosphere•Earth's Layers:Crust and mantle•Types of Plate Boundaries: Divergent (Move away), Convergent (Come Together)•Tectonic Settings of Earth: Tectonically stable, Subsiding•Mineral: Solid, naturally occurring, Inorganic substance•How minerals are identified: Cleavage, Color•Silicates: Largest, most occurring group of rock forming mineral, makes up 92%•Rock Cycle: Igneous: melting followed by cooling and solidification•Igneous Rocks: Intrusive or extrusive , Ex: granite, Basalt•Sedimentary Rocks: Clastic or chemical •Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Conglomerates or Breccia, Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, or clay stone•Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Evaporates, Carbonates, siliceous, form within basin of deposition•Metamorphic: Foliated or Nonfoliated; foliated- has a pattern/ sequence; Nonfoliated:doesn't have a pattern•Intrusive Igneous Rocks:Slow cooling, course grain•Extrusive Igneous Rocks: Fast Cooling, fine grain•Contact Metamorphism: Occurs when magma intrudes or forces its way into a rock•Marine Environment: Continental Shelf; edge of continent, coral reefs and carbon sediments •Transitional Environments: Deltas, Coarse sediment near the mouth finer sediment•Continental Environment: Fluvial environments or rivers, course, rounded gravel, andsand • Glacial Environments: Till contain volumes of unsorted boulders, gravel, sand and clay •Eolian Environments: Sand and silt, mostly desert, wind is used for transport and deposition•Stratification: Layering or bedding •Mud Cracks: Pattern of cracks formed in mud as it dries•Cross-Bedding: Arrangement of beds in which one set of beds is inclined to the other•Ripple Marks: Undulation of the sediment surface produced as wind or water moves across sand•Graded Bedding: results when a sediment laden currents starts to slow, coarser at the bottom and finer at the top•Formation: set of similar beds, fundamental unit of stratigraphy•Member: Subdivision within a formation•Group: Set of similar Formation•Stratigraphy: Used to find the correlation of rocks•Lithostratigraphic: Matching up rock units based on their lithology (Composition,Texture,Color)•Biostratigraphic: matching rock units based on the fossils they contain•Chronostratigraphic: Matching rock layers based on age equivalence•Discomformity: Between parallel layers of sedimentary rock, separates two rocks masses or strata of different ages•NonConformity: between sedimentary, igneous or Metamorphic rock, Sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock•Angular Unconformity: unconformity that occurs between 2 angled layers of sedimentary rock layers•Index Fossils: Fossils used to describe geologic units of time•Facies:All characteristics of a particular rock unit•Trangressive Sequence: Transgression: Sea Level rise, finer grained sediment on top, Ex: Melting of ice caps•Regressive Sequence: Regression: Sea Level drops, Course grained sediment on top, Ex: Formation of ice capsMethod Of Fossil Preservation•Replacement: substitution of one mineral for another•Permineralization: Filling of pores in bone or shell•Carbonization: Preserves soft tissues of plants or animals as a thin carbon film, usually in fine grain sediments such as shaleLife - Methods of fossil preservationo replacement- substitution of one mineral for anothero permineralization- filling of pores in bone or shello carbonization-C preserves soft tissues of plants or animals as a thin carbon film, usually in fine grain sediments such as shale- John Baptiste Lamarcko concluded all species are descended from other species, assumed that new structures in a species were formed by a needor “ inner want ” for them- thought to


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Ole Miss GEO 102 - Test 1 Study Guide

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